Notes 1 Weather Maps - Spearfish School District
... A barometer is a widely used weather instrument that measures atmospheric pressure (also known as air pressure or barometric pressure) - the weight of the air in the atmosphere. There are two main types of barometers – the most widely available and reliable Mercury Barometers, or the newer digital f ...
... A barometer is a widely used weather instrument that measures atmospheric pressure (also known as air pressure or barometric pressure) - the weight of the air in the atmosphere. There are two main types of barometers – the most widely available and reliable Mercury Barometers, or the newer digital f ...
Parameterization of Snow Albedo
... aerosol and the impacts of aerosol on clouds and precipitation have to be resolved; it is well recognized that aerosol effects represent the largest uncertainty in present-day radiative forcing estimates.” And so, NETCARE was established to: i) address key uncertainties in predictions of aerosol eff ...
... aerosol and the impacts of aerosol on clouds and precipitation have to be resolved; it is well recognized that aerosol effects represent the largest uncertainty in present-day radiative forcing estimates.” And so, NETCARE was established to: i) address key uncertainties in predictions of aerosol eff ...
climate and land degradation - The World AgroMeteorological
... • Drylands are affected by moderate to severe land degradation from wind erosion and there is evidence that the frequency of sand storms/dust storms in increasing. • In the arid and semi-arid zones of the world, 24% of the cultivated land and 41% of the pasture land affected by moderate to severe la ...
... • Drylands are affected by moderate to severe land degradation from wind erosion and there is evidence that the frequency of sand storms/dust storms in increasing. • In the arid and semi-arid zones of the world, 24% of the cultivated land and 41% of the pasture land affected by moderate to severe la ...
Meteorology – Unit 1: Introduction Notes 1 – Weather Maps The
... happening in the atmosphere at virtually any location on earth. Complex three-dimensional models of weather systems can be made by collecting weather data at multiple levels in the atmosphere. Computers then compile that information to produce the pictures that weather scientists analyze. In the ear ...
... happening in the atmosphere at virtually any location on earth. Complex three-dimensional models of weather systems can be made by collecting weather data at multiple levels in the atmosphere. Computers then compile that information to produce the pictures that weather scientists analyze. In the ear ...
Detection of intensification of the global water cycle: the potential
... Fig. 1, Table 1). Detection of acceleration in the hydrological cycle requires an understanding of variability in present-day water cycle components over a range of regional-to-continental scales. A key to early detection may be identifying indicator basins worldwide that collectively describe the s ...
... Fig. 1, Table 1). Detection of acceleration in the hydrological cycle requires an understanding of variability in present-day water cycle components over a range of regional-to-continental scales. A key to early detection may be identifying indicator basins worldwide that collectively describe the s ...
Impacts of global warming on hydrological Introduction of multi-model ensembles and
... -Model bias of 2m air temperature (2mT) was deteriorated in larger domain. Spatial characteristics of the bias of 2mT in larger domain is similar to that in smaller domain. -Model bias of precipitation (P) was NOT significantly altered in larger domain. The bias of P in JJA was strongly influenced b ...
... -Model bias of 2m air temperature (2mT) was deteriorated in larger domain. Spatial characteristics of the bias of 2mT in larger domain is similar to that in smaller domain. -Model bias of precipitation (P) was NOT significantly altered in larger domain. The bias of P in JJA was strongly influenced b ...
Global Warming: Separating Fact from Fiction
... of temperature. The IPCC reports: “that effects of urbanization and land use change on the land-based temperature record are negligible (0.006 oC per decade).” ...
... of temperature. The IPCC reports: “that effects of urbanization and land use change on the land-based temperature record are negligible (0.006 oC per decade).” ...
. A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON CLIMATE ... VARIABILITY: A FOCUS ON INDIA
... simulated by all of the models used in the IPCC '. To be able to predict future climate change, in principle, it is necessaryto be able to evaluatethe actual current and future heating of the climate system from anthropogenic and natural sources as well as where this heatis accumulating. For example ...
... simulated by all of the models used in the IPCC '. To be able to predict future climate change, in principle, it is necessaryto be able to evaluatethe actual current and future heating of the climate system from anthropogenic and natural sources as well as where this heatis accumulating. For example ...
The treatment of risk and uncertainty in the US Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis: Working Paper 54 (332 kB) (opens in new window)
... However, what is clear when looking at a set of draws from a Monte Carlo simulation is that diminishing marginal utility results in relatively more weight being placed on outcomes (i.e. Having said that, even if we only had one model at our disposal, it would be natural to question whether the proba ...
... However, what is clear when looking at a set of draws from a Monte Carlo simulation is that diminishing marginal utility results in relatively more weight being placed on outcomes (i.e. Having said that, even if we only had one model at our disposal, it would be natural to question whether the proba ...
Future Climate Projections around Turkey by Global Climate Models
... Evaporation generally increases in all seasons, but this field is distinct in a clear contrast between land and the oceans (not shown). There are large evaporation increases over the Mediterranean and the Black Sea in summer, fall and winter seasons, while in spring evaporation increase over land is ...
... Evaporation generally increases in all seasons, but this field is distinct in a clear contrast between land and the oceans (not shown). There are large evaporation increases over the Mediterranean and the Black Sea in summer, fall and winter seasons, while in spring evaporation increase over land is ...
Document
... “Subjective measurements and variable procedures make existing tropical cyclone databases insufficiently reliable to detect trends in the frequency of extreme cyclones.” ...
... “Subjective measurements and variable procedures make existing tropical cyclone databases insufficiently reliable to detect trends in the frequency of extreme cyclones.” ...
svcrproc
... An Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) is a large-scale computer simulation model to assimilate many different factors and disciplinary inputs. As such it represents a core tool for Integrated Assessment approaches. Though the first trial of model development for IA can be observed in the beginning of ...
... An Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) is a large-scale computer simulation model to assimilate many different factors and disciplinary inputs. As such it represents a core tool for Integrated Assessment approaches. Though the first trial of model development for IA can be observed in the beginning of ...
summary - University of Washington
... and intensification --hereafter CI mode -- of the ITCZ is a far more powerful (factor of 4) mode of tropical precipitation changes in response to both paleoclimate and anthropogenic forcing than the more commonly employed ITCZ shift. Furthermore, in an ensemble of coupled climate model simulations, ...
... and intensification --hereafter CI mode -- of the ITCZ is a far more powerful (factor of 4) mode of tropical precipitation changes in response to both paleoclimate and anthropogenic forcing than the more commonly employed ITCZ shift. Furthermore, in an ensemble of coupled climate model simulations, ...
presentation - Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics
... Left Panel: Temperature responses to the SATIRE-T (Krivova, 2010) reconstructed in-phase SSI. Top panel: stratospheric responses, dark blue for upper stratosphere at ~2mb, light blue for middle stratosphere at ~20 mb. Middle Panel: tropospheric responses, red for tropopause at ~100 mb, brown for sur ...
... Left Panel: Temperature responses to the SATIRE-T (Krivova, 2010) reconstructed in-phase SSI. Top panel: stratospheric responses, dark blue for upper stratosphere at ~2mb, light blue for middle stratosphere at ~20 mb. Middle Panel: tropospheric responses, red for tropopause at ~100 mb, brown for sur ...
NOAA Atlas 14 - Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts
... professor… In the same Science article, University of Wisconsin Professor Greg Tripoli points out that global circulation models can’t “create the medium-size weather systems that they should be sending into any embedded regional model.” ...
... professor… In the same Science article, University of Wisconsin Professor Greg Tripoli points out that global circulation models can’t “create the medium-size weather systems that they should be sending into any embedded regional model.” ...
Exploring the impacts of climate change on water resources
... The model has been refined such that it is composed of a coarse-scale GBM-wide model at 0.5 degrees resolution and a fine-scale model at 0.1 degrees representing Bangladesh (Fig. 1). The “downscaling” of the model to the fine-scale grid has been necessary not only for scientific interest, but to pro ...
... The model has been refined such that it is composed of a coarse-scale GBM-wide model at 0.5 degrees resolution and a fine-scale model at 0.1 degrees representing Bangladesh (Fig. 1). The “downscaling” of the model to the fine-scale grid has been necessary not only for scientific interest, but to pro ...
Quantifying the impacts of land surface schemes and dynamic
... evaluated in a large number of studies at the regional and global scales [Ahlstro et al., 2006; Piao et al., 2012; Shao et al., 2013]. How to minimize the uncertainty for climate projections based on multiple models is a challenging task [Knutti et al., 2010]. LSMs are important components in the ea ...
... evaluated in a large number of studies at the regional and global scales [Ahlstro et al., 2006; Piao et al., 2012; Shao et al., 2013]. How to minimize the uncertainty for climate projections based on multiple models is a challenging task [Knutti et al., 2010]. LSMs are important components in the ea ...
lecture 34
... the start of a man-made global warming? Two main anthropogenic forcing mechanisms: Greenhouse gas concentrations => rising. Aerosol concentrations => also increasing. We will focus attention on CO2 increases. ...
... the start of a man-made global warming? Two main anthropogenic forcing mechanisms: Greenhouse gas concentrations => rising. Aerosol concentrations => also increasing. We will focus attention on CO2 increases. ...
Natural or Anthropogenic?
... IPCC - Why was it created? “Human activities now occur on a scale that is starting to interfere with complex natural systems” “Climate change poses a serious challenge to policymakers” “Policymakers … need an objective source of the most widely accepted scientific, technical and socio-economic info ...
... IPCC - Why was it created? “Human activities now occur on a scale that is starting to interfere with complex natural systems” “Climate change poses a serious challenge to policymakers” “Policymakers … need an objective source of the most widely accepted scientific, technical and socio-economic info ...
1B: Follow the Energy! Earth`s Dynamic Climate System
... research and prediction are much more complex. They are mathematical computer-based expressions of the conversions between heat and other forms of energy, fluid motions, chemical reactions, and radiant energy transfer. The use of models to predict weather and investigate the Earth system and its cli ...
... research and prediction are much more complex. They are mathematical computer-based expressions of the conversions between heat and other forms of energy, fluid motions, chemical reactions, and radiant energy transfer. The use of models to predict weather and investigate the Earth system and its cli ...
Tierney 1..8 - Science Advances
... the end of the 20th century are not unprecedented in the context of the last 2000 years, the rate of change is unusual (fig. S6). The coeval rise in global temperatures and dDwax during the last 150 years is a continuation of the close association between eastern Horn of Africa aridity and global te ...
... the end of the 20th century are not unprecedented in the context of the last 2000 years, the rate of change is unusual (fig. S6). The coeval rise in global temperatures and dDwax during the last 150 years is a continuation of the close association between eastern Horn of Africa aridity and global te ...
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Observations and Climate Change on
... • Improved observations of atmospheric CO2 and improved models of atmospheric transport are necessary for prediction and verification • Baring Head measurements and analyses promise valuable insights • Additional New Zealand observing site(s) planned ...
... • Improved observations of atmospheric CO2 and improved models of atmospheric transport are necessary for prediction and verification • Baring Head measurements and analyses promise valuable insights • Additional New Zealand observing site(s) planned ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.