SCCOOS - National Federation of Regional Associations for
... • CalCOFI surveys collected zooplankton biomass, fish and invertebrate larvae and conducted underway measurements of temperature, salinity, irradiance and fluorescence. • Extending the historically offshore stations of CalCOFI closer to the coast brought relevance to the National Pollutant Discharge ...
... • CalCOFI surveys collected zooplankton biomass, fish and invertebrate larvae and conducted underway measurements of temperature, salinity, irradiance and fluorescence. • Extending the historically offshore stations of CalCOFI closer to the coast brought relevance to the National Pollutant Discharge ...
Characterizing the uncertainty of climate change impacts using a
... change ranges: -76% to +97% from both NFS & HBV • Ensemble mean flow is reduced by 25% & 6% for NFS & HBV respectively • Hydrological models add another uncertainty • GLUE provides a framework to propagate the uncertainty from scenarios to impacts • Probabilities are now attached to the uncertainty ...
... change ranges: -76% to +97% from both NFS & HBV • Ensemble mean flow is reduced by 25% & 6% for NFS & HBV respectively • Hydrological models add another uncertainty • GLUE provides a framework to propagate the uncertainty from scenarios to impacts • Probabilities are now attached to the uncertainty ...
Understanding and Applying the Science
... – Atmosphere – Land interaction • Effect of Forests, trees, soil moisture on the atmosphere ...
... – Atmosphere – Land interaction • Effect of Forests, trees, soil moisture on the atmosphere ...
Modeling Uncertainty in Climate Change
... outcomes for climate change using multiple integrated assessment models (IAMs). The six models used in the study are representative of the models used in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC 2014) and in the U.S. government Interagency Working Group Report on the Social Cost of Carbon or SCC (U ...
... outcomes for climate change using multiple integrated assessment models (IAMs). The six models used in the study are representative of the models used in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC 2014) and in the U.S. government Interagency Working Group Report on the Social Cost of Carbon or SCC (U ...
The impacts of global climate changes on the wind power density in
... 2003 to 602 MW in 2009 thanks to the Proinfa (Program for Incentive of Alternative Electric Energy Sources), which is a government program to encourage the use of wind power, biomass, and small hydroelectric power. An additional 256.4 MW is now under construction. Recently 71 additional projects hav ...
... 2003 to 602 MW in 2009 thanks to the Proinfa (Program for Incentive of Alternative Electric Energy Sources), which is a government program to encourage the use of wind power, biomass, and small hydroelectric power. An additional 256.4 MW is now under construction. Recently 71 additional projects hav ...
Region or Sub
... NOAA and NASA; local measurements as part of IOOS and AOOS. Some models being developed by AOOS in regions and subregions are operational or close, such as WRF that provides the needed atmospheric forcing and ROMS that includes physics, biogeochemistry, ecosystems, and ice. ...
... NOAA and NASA; local measurements as part of IOOS and AOOS. Some models being developed by AOOS in regions and subregions are operational or close, such as WRF that provides the needed atmospheric forcing and ROMS that includes physics, biogeochemistry, ecosystems, and ice. ...
What`s New in TerrSet
... GeOSIRIS is a national-level REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) planning tool that quantifies and maps the impacts of REDD policies on deforestation, carbon emissions, agricultural revenue, and carbon payments. Whereas LCM’s tools are appropriate for the development ...
... GeOSIRIS is a national-level REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) planning tool that quantifies and maps the impacts of REDD policies on deforestation, carbon emissions, agricultural revenue, and carbon payments. Whereas LCM’s tools are appropriate for the development ...
Jenouvrier, S., H. Caswell, C. Barbraud, M. Holland, J. Stroeve, and
... models predict increased frequencies of warm events by the end of this century. Finally, using the probabilities wt, we generated 1000 stochastic population projections for each of the 10 climate models (thus 10000 population trajectories), and calculated the probability of quasi-extinction (defined ...
... models predict increased frequencies of warm events by the end of this century. Finally, using the probabilities wt, we generated 1000 stochastic population projections for each of the 10 climate models (thus 10000 population trajectories), and calculated the probability of quasi-extinction (defined ...
Global warming and thermohaline circulation stability
... 2–3 ◦ C in the third decade. The cooling is fairly uniform through the seasons. To put such a cooling in context, a typical decadal mean cooling during the ‘Little Ice Age’ period of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as seen in the Central England temperature record (Parker et al . 1992 ...
... 2–3 ◦ C in the third decade. The cooling is fairly uniform through the seasons. To put such a cooling in context, a typical decadal mean cooling during the ‘Little Ice Age’ period of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as seen in the Central England temperature record (Parker et al . 1992 ...
Brownie, C., King, L. D., and Dube, T. J. (2004Longitudinal and Spatial Analyses Applied to Corn Yield Data from a Long-Term Rotation Trial,"
... variance across years; and C, a control model with iid errors. The models that allowed heterogeneity across years were preferred based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). To select an appropriate analysis for the corn yield data from the long-term, reduced inputs, rotation trial, we consider ...
... variance across years; and C, a control model with iid errors. The models that allowed heterogeneity across years were preferred based on the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). To select an appropriate analysis for the corn yield data from the long-term, reduced inputs, rotation trial, we consider ...
Regional temperature and precipitation changes under high
... calculated from the high-end and non-high-end projections together with the maximum range from each group of models. Median values are used instead of the mean, because mean values are subject to bias from models that produce very large or very small changes that could be considered as outliers. It ...
... calculated from the high-end and non-high-end projections together with the maximum range from each group of models. Median values are used instead of the mean, because mean values are subject to bias from models that produce very large or very small changes that could be considered as outliers. It ...
by Ralph F. Keeling
... The concept of the atmospheric background has been backed up by millions of measurements made by a community of hundreds of researchers. In the late 1960s, the concept figured in the establishment of the Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network, which coordinated the observations of atmospheric g ...
... The concept of the atmospheric background has been backed up by millions of measurements made by a community of hundreds of researchers. In the late 1960s, the concept figured in the establishment of the Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network, which coordinated the observations of atmospheric g ...
PDF
... by the base scenario simulation depicting the ‘before scenario’ was subsequently used to compare the different climate scenarios (indicated by different amounts of water availability). It is important to emphasise that all other variables, for example transport costs, exchange rates, international p ...
... by the base scenario simulation depicting the ‘before scenario’ was subsequently used to compare the different climate scenarios (indicated by different amounts of water availability). It is important to emphasise that all other variables, for example transport costs, exchange rates, international p ...
Lead time = 3
... Remote tropical atmospheric teleconnections Climate change - largest for temperature Local land surface conditions - soil moisture, snow Atmospheric composition - difficult Volcanic eruptions - important for large events Mid-latitude ocean temperatures - longer time scales Remote soil moisture/snow ...
... Remote tropical atmospheric teleconnections Climate change - largest for temperature Local land surface conditions - soil moisture, snow Atmospheric composition - difficult Volcanic eruptions - important for large events Mid-latitude ocean temperatures - longer time scales Remote soil moisture/snow ...
Stratospheric Temperature Trends
... • Discrepancies between models and obs need better explanations. • Observations (and reanalyses) for detecting changes are not ideal. • Progress has been slow. • Large uncertainties remain and need to be better quantified. • Lack of reference-quality observations a major problem. • Post-volcanic war ...
... • Discrepancies between models and obs need better explanations. • Observations (and reanalyses) for detecting changes are not ideal. • Progress has been slow. • Large uncertainties remain and need to be better quantified. • Lack of reference-quality observations a major problem. • Post-volcanic war ...
Effects of future climate change on regional air pollution episodes in
... cyclones over North America for the period 1950 – 1977. [16] Previous GCM studies with increasing greenhouse gases have also calculated a decline in mid-latitude cyclone frequency. Probable causes for this trend include (1) a decrease in the extratropical meridional temperature gradient from the sur ...
... cyclones over North America for the period 1950 – 1977. [16] Previous GCM studies with increasing greenhouse gases have also calculated a decline in mid-latitude cyclone frequency. Probable causes for this trend include (1) a decrease in the extratropical meridional temperature gradient from the sur ...
28. SUMMARY AND BROADER CONTEXT
... community meetings. While community standards are under discussion, this report will continue to encourage authors to include an assessment of model quality in relation to the event class, use multiple lines of evidence, and clearly communicate the sensitivities of the result to how event attributio ...
... community meetings. While community standards are under discussion, this report will continue to encourage authors to include an assessment of model quality in relation to the event class, use multiple lines of evidence, and clearly communicate the sensitivities of the result to how event attributio ...
Philosophy of Climate Science Part II: Modelling
... rate of solar radiation received by the earth. Since these are drivers of climatic change, they are often referred to as external forcings or external conditions. Different models regard different physical quantities as boundary conditions. For instance, in some models, the atmospheric concentration ...
... rate of solar radiation received by the earth. Since these are drivers of climatic change, they are often referred to as external forcings or external conditions. Different models regard different physical quantities as boundary conditions. For instance, in some models, the atmospheric concentration ...
Atmospheric Rivers State of Knowledge Report
... Summary for Policy Makers states that a ”warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.” The report goes on to state that “a warming ...
... Summary for Policy Makers states that a ”warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.” The report goes on to state that “a warming ...
2013年1月12日托福写作真题回忆
... Climatic conditions are delicately adjusted to the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. If there were a change in the atmosphere—for example, in the relative proportions of atmospheric gases—the climate would probably change also. A slight increase in water vapor, for instance, would increase the ...
... Climatic conditions are delicately adjusted to the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. If there were a change in the atmosphere—for example, in the relative proportions of atmospheric gases—the climate would probably change also. A slight increase in water vapor, for instance, would increase the ...
9 Holocene rapid land-cover changes – evidence and theory
... green solution IIIg. Because of the change in insolation, the dashed line P*(V,E) shifts to the left until around 6000 years BP and a situation is reached that is sketched as case II in Figure 9.4, with a desert solution IId in addition to a green solution IIg. Around 3600 years BP, the desert solut ...
... green solution IIIg. Because of the change in insolation, the dashed line P*(V,E) shifts to the left until around 6000 years BP and a situation is reached that is sketched as case II in Figure 9.4, with a desert solution IId in addition to a green solution IIg. Around 3600 years BP, the desert solut ...
Stott et al, 2000 - International Research Institute for Climate and
... A rise in near-surface temperatures as rapid as that during the last 30 years occurred over several decades during the first half of the 20th century, followed by a period of more than three decades when temperatures showed no long-term increase. The net radiative forcing of the atmosphere from the ...
... A rise in near-surface temperatures as rapid as that during the last 30 years occurred over several decades during the first half of the 20th century, followed by a period of more than three decades when temperatures showed no long-term increase. The net radiative forcing of the atmosphere from the ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.