The influence of dynamic vegetation on the present
... 2007), there are still large uncertainties in many processes such as clouds, convection and coupling to the ocean and the land surface (e.g. Cubasch et al., 2001; Koster et al., 2004). It is not clear, therefore, to what extent climate projections are improved by the additional complexity of includi ...
... 2007), there are still large uncertainties in many processes such as clouds, convection and coupling to the ocean and the land surface (e.g. Cubasch et al., 2001; Koster et al., 2004). It is not clear, therefore, to what extent climate projections are improved by the additional complexity of includi ...
Weather Maps and Weather Prediction
... instruments and collect data in places far from ground stations, such as over oceans. • Weather balloons carry a small instrument package called a radiosonde. • Radiosondes measure atmospheric pressure, air temperature, humidity, and wind speed and direction, up to about 32 km. ...
... instruments and collect data in places far from ground stations, such as over oceans. • Weather balloons carry a small instrument package called a radiosonde. • Radiosondes measure atmospheric pressure, air temperature, humidity, and wind speed and direction, up to about 32 km. ...
Weather Maps and Weather Prediction
... instruments and collect data in places far from ground stations, such as over oceans. • Weather balloons carry a small instrument package called a radiosonde. • Radiosondes measure atmospheric pressure, air temperature, humidity, and wind speed and direction, up to about 32 km. ...
... instruments and collect data in places far from ground stations, such as over oceans. • Weather balloons carry a small instrument package called a radiosonde. • Radiosondes measure atmospheric pressure, air temperature, humidity, and wind speed and direction, up to about 32 km. ...
Hadley Cell (HC) Circulation response to Climate
... in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the ocean due to the seasonality of solar radiation. Tanaka et al. (2003) Showed that the Hadley circulation exist even in a hypothetical aqua planet (no continents and no land-sea contrast), as long as this heat contrast imposed by the sun does not change (mo ...
... in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the ocean due to the seasonality of solar radiation. Tanaka et al. (2003) Showed that the Hadley circulation exist even in a hypothetical aqua planet (no continents and no land-sea contrast), as long as this heat contrast imposed by the sun does not change (mo ...
Inter-comparison of two land-surface models applied at different
... meteorological drivers are further used as input to downstream models which determine the impacts of the simulated climate change on the processes to be investigated. Downstream models are used to analyse the impacts of climate change on a broad palette of natural and/or societal developments and vu ...
... meteorological drivers are further used as input to downstream models which determine the impacts of the simulated climate change on the processes to be investigated. Downstream models are used to analyse the impacts of climate change on a broad palette of natural and/or societal developments and vu ...
Soft Computing Techniques for Weather and
... shorter time scale such as next few hours, days or weeks, Climatic forecasts are on a longer time scale such as hundreds or thousands of years. Therefore a variation of 5oC change in temperature from one day to the next day is not as significant as a 5oC in global climatic temperature. The mathemati ...
... shorter time scale such as next few hours, days or weeks, Climatic forecasts are on a longer time scale such as hundreds or thousands of years. Therefore a variation of 5oC change in temperature from one day to the next day is not as significant as a 5oC in global climatic temperature. The mathemati ...
CLIMATE CHANGE A Natural Hazard
... Surface heat storage: At the earth’s surface, incoming solar radiation does not form an energy balance, as represented by IPCC. Seventy per cent of the earth’s surface is ocean and solar radiation is absorbed in the top few hundred metres. Solar energy absorbed in the ocean surface layers is only gi ...
... Surface heat storage: At the earth’s surface, incoming solar radiation does not form an energy balance, as represented by IPCC. Seventy per cent of the earth’s surface is ocean and solar radiation is absorbed in the top few hundred metres. Solar energy absorbed in the ocean surface layers is only gi ...
Climate change and thresholds of biome shifts in - mtc
... forests, even in conditions of maximum fertilization effect. [14] There is a clear dependence between the temperature threshold and the magnitude assumption of the fertilization effect. In the case of no CO2 fertilization, the critical threshold for biome shift in Amazonia is 2–3°C up to 4–5°C when ...
... forests, even in conditions of maximum fertilization effect. [14] There is a clear dependence between the temperature threshold and the magnitude assumption of the fertilization effect. In the case of no CO2 fertilization, the critical threshold for biome shift in Amazonia is 2–3°C up to 4–5°C when ...
A Decade of Synthesis and Modeling in the U.S. Joint Global Ocean
... Inverse models and data assimilation Validation of marine ecosystem models is difficult and often incomplete because of the lack of information on key stocks and rates, even from the most data-rich field sites. Perhaps the most memorable quote of the SMP came from John Steele (Woods Hole Oceanograp ...
... Inverse models and data assimilation Validation of marine ecosystem models is difficult and often incomplete because of the lack of information on key stocks and rates, even from the most data-rich field sites. Perhaps the most memorable quote of the SMP came from John Steele (Woods Hole Oceanograp ...
impact of climate change on precipitation
... oceans) and the conservation of mass is therefore required. Generally the equations are solved to give the mass movement (i.e. wind field or ocean currents) at the next time step, but models must also include processes such as cloud and sea ice formation and heat, moisture and salt transport. The fi ...
... oceans) and the conservation of mass is therefore required. Generally the equations are solved to give the mass movement (i.e. wind field or ocean currents) at the next time step, but models must also include processes such as cloud and sea ice formation and heat, moisture and salt transport. The fi ...
Northern High-Latitude Heat Budget Decomposition and
... AMOC weakening while the other has a small weakening. Using heat budgets, we trace the influence of the AMOC response differences through their impact on ocean heat transport to intermodel differences in the simulation of ocean heat uptake and the Arctic/subArctic response. We do not attempt to expl ...
... AMOC weakening while the other has a small weakening. Using heat budgets, we trace the influence of the AMOC response differences through their impact on ocean heat transport to intermodel differences in the simulation of ocean heat uptake and the Arctic/subArctic response. We do not attempt to expl ...
Coupled General Circulation Modeling
... forcings. (Example: What climate state is in equilibrium with twice the preindustrial level of atmospheric CO2?) • Transient: The goal is to investigate the timedependent response of the climate to a given (often time-dependent) change. (Example: How will the climate change in response to projected ...
... forcings. (Example: What climate state is in equilibrium with twice the preindustrial level of atmospheric CO2?) • Transient: The goal is to investigate the timedependent response of the climate to a given (often time-dependent) change. (Example: How will the climate change in response to projected ...
as a PDF
... logarithm of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. It should be emphasized that the carbon cycle model constructed this way – similar to other current reduced-form biosphere models – does not take into account land-use change and the resulting loss of biological diversity and productivity. It also negl ...
... logarithm of the atmospheric CO2 concentration. It should be emphasized that the carbon cycle model constructed this way – similar to other current reduced-form biosphere models – does not take into account land-use change and the resulting loss of biological diversity and productivity. It also negl ...
Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to
... structure in¯uence the magnitude and spatial pattern of the carbon sink and, in combination with changing climate, also freshwater availability (runoff). It is shown that these changes, once set in motion, would continue to evolve for at least a century even if atmospheric CO2 concentration and clim ...
... structure in¯uence the magnitude and spatial pattern of the carbon sink and, in combination with changing climate, also freshwater availability (runoff). It is shown that these changes, once set in motion, would continue to evolve for at least a century even if atmospheric CO2 concentration and clim ...
NSW and ACT Regional Climate Model: Project scope
... through the NSW Climate Impact Profile. These projections are based on a small number of dynamical global climate models (GCMs) that were selected because of their skill in modelling major climate variables for this region of the globe1. GCMs are based on physical processes (e.g. how solar radiation ...
... through the NSW Climate Impact Profile. These projections are based on a small number of dynamical global climate models (GCMs) that were selected because of their skill in modelling major climate variables for this region of the globe1. GCMs are based on physical processes (e.g. how solar radiation ...
Uncertainty analysis in carbon cycle models of forest ecosystems
... not require the development of complex algorithms, it constitutes a major advantage when applied to complex models (Haefner, 1996; Smith and Heath, 2001). Dufrêne et al. (2005) concluded that the application of the Monte Carlo method to the analysis of uncertainty of their model contributed to “corr ...
... not require the development of complex algorithms, it constitutes a major advantage when applied to complex models (Haefner, 1996; Smith and Heath, 2001). Dufrêne et al. (2005) concluded that the application of the Monte Carlo method to the analysis of uncertainty of their model contributed to “corr ...
Small Satellite Constellation for Global Aerosol Monitoring of the
... Radiation Management (SRM) program. Detection, attribution, and efficacy of such efforts require not only monitoring but also a proper characterization of the prior state of the aerosol layer. Furthermore, as such scenarios are being explored in climate models, it has become apparent that the models ...
... Radiation Management (SRM) program. Detection, attribution, and efficacy of such efforts require not only monitoring but also a proper characterization of the prior state of the aerosol layer. Furthermore, as such scenarios are being explored in climate models, it has become apparent that the models ...
How much more global warming and sea level rise?
... Climate change simulations with two global coupled climate models show that even if the concentrations of all greenhouse gases (GHGs) had been stabilized in the year 2000, average global surface temperature would still rise by about several tenths of a degree centrigrade by the end of the 21st cent ...
... Climate change simulations with two global coupled climate models show that even if the concentrations of all greenhouse gases (GHGs) had been stabilized in the year 2000, average global surface temperature would still rise by about several tenths of a degree centrigrade by the end of the 21st cent ...
Document
... - Natural Environmental Hazards. EAS 328. Spring 2016 - Fundamentals of Atmospheric Science. EAS 0309/B3090. Fall 2015 - Climate and Climate Change. EAS 4880/8800. Spring 2015 - Fundamentals of Atmospheric Science. EAS 0309/B9014. Fall 2014 - Climate and Climate Change. EAS 4880/8800. Spring 2014 - ...
... - Natural Environmental Hazards. EAS 328. Spring 2016 - Fundamentals of Atmospheric Science. EAS 0309/B3090. Fall 2015 - Climate and Climate Change. EAS 4880/8800. Spring 2015 - Fundamentals of Atmospheric Science. EAS 0309/B9014. Fall 2014 - Climate and Climate Change. EAS 4880/8800. Spring 2014 - ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.