Document
... - Natural Environmental Hazards. EAS 328. Spring 2016 - Fundamentals of Atmospheric Science. EAS 0309/B3090. Fall 2015 - Climate and Climate Change. EAS 4880/8800. Spring 2015 - Fundamentals of Atmospheric Science. EAS 0309/B9014. Fall 2014 - Climate and Climate Change. EAS 4880/8800. Spring 2014 - ...
... - Natural Environmental Hazards. EAS 328. Spring 2016 - Fundamentals of Atmospheric Science. EAS 0309/B3090. Fall 2015 - Climate and Climate Change. EAS 4880/8800. Spring 2015 - Fundamentals of Atmospheric Science. EAS 0309/B9014. Fall 2014 - Climate and Climate Change. EAS 4880/8800. Spring 2014 - ...
Regional climate change experiments over southern South America. I
... Mesoscale Model MM5, nested within the Hadley Centre global atmospheric model HadAM3H (Pope et al. 2000). The simulations cover a 10-year period representing present-day climate (1981–1990) and two future scenarios for the SRESA2 and B2 emission scenarios (IPCC 2000) for the period 2081–2090. The pu ...
... Mesoscale Model MM5, nested within the Hadley Centre global atmospheric model HadAM3H (Pope et al. 2000). The simulations cover a 10-year period representing present-day climate (1981–1990) and two future scenarios for the SRESA2 and B2 emission scenarios (IPCC 2000) for the period 2081–2090. The pu ...
Biogeophysical effects of historical land cover changes simulated by
... and CH4 (biogeochemical effects) and modification of land surface albedo, evapotranspiration, and surface roughness (biogeophysical effects). Biogeophysical mechanisms of land cover changes on climate are quite complex (Foley et al. 2003; Kabat et al. 2004); hydrological and radiative effects on surface ...
... and CH4 (biogeochemical effects) and modification of land surface albedo, evapotranspiration, and surface roughness (biogeophysical effects). Biogeophysical mechanisms of land cover changes on climate are quite complex (Foley et al. 2003; Kabat et al. 2004); hydrological and radiative effects on surface ...
the wmo voluntary observing ship programme
... calibration or “ground-truthing” of satellite observations. Furthermore, reports from VOS continue to be used routinely in the preparation of weather forecasts, thus supplying a constant “reality check” on actual weather conditions, contributing directly to short-range prediction and providing impor ...
... calibration or “ground-truthing” of satellite observations. Furthermore, reports from VOS continue to be used routinely in the preparation of weather forecasts, thus supplying a constant “reality check” on actual weather conditions, contributing directly to short-range prediction and providing impor ...
Multi-model climate change projections for India under
... forcing, not detailed socio-economic narratives or scenarios. Central to the process is the concept that any single radiative forcing pathway can result from a diverse range of socio-economic and technological development scenarios. There are four RCP scenarios: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5. Th ...
... forcing, not detailed socio-economic narratives or scenarios. Central to the process is the concept that any single radiative forcing pathway can result from a diverse range of socio-economic and technological development scenarios. There are four RCP scenarios: RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5. Th ...
3. Global change scenarios
... Mathematical programming models are widely used for modelling changes in land use or land cover, since they are able to address the core decision making process that drive agricultural land use/land cover change (Lambin et al. 2000) and offer a unique opportunity to link economic elements with ecolo ...
... Mathematical programming models are widely used for modelling changes in land use or land cover, since they are able to address the core decision making process that drive agricultural land use/land cover change (Lambin et al. 2000) and offer a unique opportunity to link economic elements with ecolo ...
WMO Global Observing Systems for Climate Monitoring
... 1780: First international observing network ( 40 weather stations with standardized observations), extending over Europe and North America, led to the development of synoptic weather charts over a large area. 1873: First International Meteorological Congress, facilitated coordinated observations and ...
... 1780: First international observing network ( 40 weather stations with standardized observations), extending over Europe and North America, led to the development of synoptic weather charts over a large area. 1873: First International Meteorological Congress, facilitated coordinated observations and ...
2. Observed climatology and sensitivity of runoff
... Center for Climate System Research (The University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Frontier Research Center for Global Change (JAMSTEC), Japan ...
... Center for Climate System Research (The University of Tokyo), National Institute for Environmental Studies, and Frontier Research Center for Global Change (JAMSTEC), Japan ...
Build A Unit! Unit Planning Pack with Resources Subject Area/Grade
... it collects in rivers, lakes, and porous layers of rock. There are also large areas on the earth's surface covered by thick ice (such as Antarctica), which interacts with the atmosphere and oceans in affecting worldwide variations in climate. The earth's climates have changed radically and they are ...
... it collects in rivers, lakes, and porous layers of rock. There are also large areas on the earth's surface covered by thick ice (such as Antarctica), which interacts with the atmosphere and oceans in affecting worldwide variations in climate. The earth's climates have changed radically and they are ...
A Vast Machine - Paul N. Edwards
... awe from outer space, notions of a “global Earth” had begun to emerge in language, ideology, technology, and practice.5 How did “the world” become a system? What made it possible to see local forces as elements of a planetary order, and the planetary order as directly relevant to the tiny scale of o ...
... awe from outer space, notions of a “global Earth” had begun to emerge in language, ideology, technology, and practice.5 How did “the world” become a system? What made it possible to see local forces as elements of a planetary order, and the planetary order as directly relevant to the tiny scale of o ...
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Heathland ecosystems
... globally relevant quantities of the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and NOX, emit aerosols and control exchanges of energy and water between atmosphere and the land surface (Denman et al. 2007, Heimann and Reichstein 2008). Ecosystems are influenced by the local climate. In turn, the climate is influenced ...
... globally relevant quantities of the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and NOX, emit aerosols and control exchanges of energy and water between atmosphere and the land surface (Denman et al. 2007, Heimann and Reichstein 2008). Ecosystems are influenced by the local climate. In turn, the climate is influenced ...
EDITORIAL The global atmospheric water cycle
... may therefore be considered unlikely that models can be wrong by factors of several 100%. Rather it is more likely that models might even overestimate the latent heat flux due to an underestimation of the absorption of short-wave radiation in the atmosphere as line-by-line integration suggests a larg ...
... may therefore be considered unlikely that models can be wrong by factors of several 100%. Rather it is more likely that models might even overestimate the latent heat flux due to an underestimation of the absorption of short-wave radiation in the atmosphere as line-by-line integration suggests a larg ...
Testing the robustness of the anthropogenic climate change detection statements using different empirical models
... [10] The four studies that our analysis builds on were not, in general, detection and attribution studies. Their aims were slightly different, as well as the signals included into the global mean temperature decomposition and length and sampling intervals of their time series. In what follows, we br ...
... [10] The four studies that our analysis builds on were not, in general, detection and attribution studies. Their aims were slightly different, as well as the signals included into the global mean temperature decomposition and length and sampling intervals of their time series. In what follows, we br ...
On the uncertainty of phenological responses to climate change
... along with associated uncertainties, allowing for a full characterization of posterior distributions of model parameters. In this way, confidence estimates of model projections can be obtained, both for current climate conditions and for future climate change scenarios (e.g. Keenan et al., 2012a). P ...
... along with associated uncertainties, allowing for a full characterization of posterior distributions of model parameters. In this way, confidence estimates of model projections can be obtained, both for current climate conditions and for future climate change scenarios (e.g. Keenan et al., 2012a). P ...
New Coupled Climate-carbon Simulations from the
... Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Sweeney, C., Poisson, A., Metzl, N. and co-authors, (2002). Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep Sea Res. II 49, 1601-1622 Data sets : Historical CO2 concentration : http://www.cnrm ...
... Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Sweeney, C., Poisson, A., Metzl, N. and co-authors, (2002). Global sea-air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep Sea Res. II 49, 1601-1622 Data sets : Historical CO2 concentration : http://www.cnrm ...
et al
... as human population growth and greenhouse gas emissions, are developed under different assumptions regarding society’s development, often associated with ‘storylines’ (1). These trajectories are then fed into models that project changes in direct drivers of ecosystem change, such as climate and land ...
... as human population growth and greenhouse gas emissions, are developed under different assumptions regarding society’s development, often associated with ‘storylines’ (1). These trajectories are then fed into models that project changes in direct drivers of ecosystem change, such as climate and land ...
Met Office science strategy 2010–2015
... Defining the initial conditions for local forecasts, how to use more unconventional observations and develop the observational base, such as radar and lidar, and how these can be linked to variables within the model, all present new challenges. At these scales, especially in convective situations, e ...
... Defining the initial conditions for local forecasts, how to use more unconventional observations and develop the observational base, such as radar and lidar, and how these can be linked to variables within the model, all present new challenges. At these scales, especially in convective situations, e ...
the global monsoon systems
... the monsoons across the globe. Over half of the globe’s population, most in developing countries, live under the influence of monsoon-dominated climates. Their culture and lifestyle have evolved around its cyclical nature, and agriculture is still the most common form of land use in most of these re ...
... the monsoons across the globe. Over half of the globe’s population, most in developing countries, live under the influence of monsoon-dominated climates. Their culture and lifestyle have evolved around its cyclical nature, and agriculture is still the most common form of land use in most of these re ...
Robust spatially aggregated projections of climate
... strategies. Here, we demonstrate that for extremes stakeholders will have to deal with large irreducible uncertainties on local to regional scales as a result of internal variability, even if climate models improve rapidly. A multimember initial condition ensemble carried out with an Earth system mo ...
... strategies. Here, we demonstrate that for extremes stakeholders will have to deal with large irreducible uncertainties on local to regional scales as a result of internal variability, even if climate models improve rapidly. A multimember initial condition ensemble carried out with an Earth system mo ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.