NASA Research Strategy for Earth System Science
... the more slowly varying large-scale state. Process representations may then be tested against durationlimited but detailed observations of both processes and governing large-scale parameters, in the framework of short model runs that have not yet substantially diverged from the observed state of the ...
... the more slowly varying large-scale state. Process representations may then be tested against durationlimited but detailed observations of both processes and governing large-scale parameters, in the framework of short model runs that have not yet substantially diverged from the observed state of the ...
Assessing the Relative Roles of Initial and Boundary Conditions in
... been to select an atmospheric state corresponding to, for example, the previous day. However, as stated above, the experiments were not designed specifically to address this problem and we use them opportunistically to illustrate the method. In practice, the atmospheric states in the simulations dif ...
... been to select an atmospheric state corresponding to, for example, the previous day. However, as stated above, the experiments were not designed specifically to address this problem and we use them opportunistically to illustrate the method. In practice, the atmospheric states in the simulations dif ...
Expected impacts of climate change on extreme climate events
... 2. Methodologies and their validation The projection of future climate change at the scale of the century relies on the use of climate model simulations that represent the only way to account for the complex interactions and feedback between and within the different components of the climate system. ...
... 2. Methodologies and their validation The projection of future climate change at the scale of the century relies on the use of climate model simulations that represent the only way to account for the complex interactions and feedback between and within the different components of the climate system. ...
Forest Processes and Global Environmental Change: Predicting the
... CO2 concentration also produces effects. For example, growth responses of boreal species to elevated CO2 have been found to increase with temperature (Tjoelker et al. 1998b). Elevated CO2-induced reductions in whole-shoot dark respiration and transpiration have been shown to ameliorate hightemperatu ...
... CO2 concentration also produces effects. For example, growth responses of boreal species to elevated CO2 have been found to increase with temperature (Tjoelker et al. 1998b). Elevated CO2-induced reductions in whole-shoot dark respiration and transpiration have been shown to ameliorate hightemperatu ...
poster - Cecilia
... cooperation of targeted countries with METEO France in Toulouse on the development and application of ALADIN model which will be also used for the project. Thanks to the EC project of Centre of Excellence MAGMA EVG3-2002-00502 for impuls to the preparation of the proposal. Author wishes to express h ...
... cooperation of targeted countries with METEO France in Toulouse on the development and application of ALADIN model which will be also used for the project. Thanks to the EC project of Centre of Excellence MAGMA EVG3-2002-00502 for impuls to the preparation of the proposal. Author wishes to express h ...
Document
... zones have revealed that the system can fit tropical vegetation zones (e.g. Holdridge 1967), mediterranean zones (Steila 1966), as well as the boreal zones, but that it is less applicable to cold oceanic or cold arid climates (Hamet-Ahti et al. 1974) where moisture becomes the determining factor. Th ...
... zones have revealed that the system can fit tropical vegetation zones (e.g. Holdridge 1967), mediterranean zones (Steila 1966), as well as the boreal zones, but that it is less applicable to cold oceanic or cold arid climates (Hamet-Ahti et al. 1974) where moisture becomes the determining factor. Th ...
Projected Changes of Palmer Drought Severity Index under an
... trend of drought in tropical and subtropical areas of North and South America, North and South Africa, South Europe, Southeast Asia, and the Australian continent. The results of PSDI_pm shown here are different to CMIP3 models in South Africa and South Europe. The projected increasing trend of droug ...
... trend of drought in tropical and subtropical areas of North and South America, North and South Africa, South Europe, Southeast Asia, and the Australian continent. The results of PSDI_pm shown here are different to CMIP3 models in South Africa and South Europe. The projected increasing trend of droug ...
Weather GuideBook Rubric
... composition of the atmosphere and the quantities (percentage) of each gas. Explain how composition and temperature are related. Layers of the atmosphere: Illustration (Graph the relationship between altitude, air pressure, and temperature). Describe each layer and include important facts about each ...
... composition of the atmosphere and the quantities (percentage) of each gas. Explain how composition and temperature are related. Layers of the atmosphere: Illustration (Graph the relationship between altitude, air pressure, and temperature). Describe each layer and include important facts about each ...
climate change and the hydrological cycle
... The climate varies naturally, but the current changes in the climate system result from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (Mitchell et al. 2001). As a whole, the atmosphere consists primarily of nitrogen and oxygen (78% and 21% by volume, respectively), while argon (0.93% ...
... The climate varies naturally, but the current changes in the climate system result from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (Mitchell et al. 2001). As a whole, the atmosphere consists primarily of nitrogen and oxygen (78% and 21% by volume, respectively), while argon (0.93% ...
(SPARC) (Thomas Peter, ETH Zurich)
... • we need to show modelling groups why stratosphere is relevant if they are going to commit resources • need to provide information in user friendly way for IPCC report (calculate forcings, give advice on model resolution) Some key gaps: - stratospheric ozone not updated since the IPCC TAR - stratos ...
... • we need to show modelling groups why stratosphere is relevant if they are going to commit resources • need to provide information in user friendly way for IPCC report (calculate forcings, give advice on model resolution) Some key gaps: - stratospheric ozone not updated since the IPCC TAR - stratos ...
A modified impulse-response representation of the global response
... chemistry, it displays a roughly constant cumulative airborne fraction under the exponential concentration increase scenarios considered here, unlike the ESMs which behave more like the FAIR model constructed in this paper (see figure 3, 4, 5 and 6 in Gregory et al. (2009)). In addition, as BEAM foc ...
... chemistry, it displays a roughly constant cumulative airborne fraction under the exponential concentration increase scenarios considered here, unlike the ESMs which behave more like the FAIR model constructed in this paper (see figure 3, 4, 5 and 6 in Gregory et al. (2009)). In addition, as BEAM foc ...
Regional climate model applications on subregional scales over the
... [4] In the selection of an optimum domain size, the aim is to identify a domain that is not too small to be overly constrained by the driving model, suppressing the development of key meso scale features. On the other hand, the domain should not be so large that the simulation deviates significantly ...
... [4] In the selection of an optimum domain size, the aim is to identify a domain that is not too small to be overly constrained by the driving model, suppressing the development of key meso scale features. On the other hand, the domain should not be so large that the simulation deviates significantly ...
CMIP5 data provided at the IPCC Data Distribution Centre
... observed recent ocean and sea ice conditions. Both the long- and near-term experiments are conducted using atmosphere–ocean global climate models (AOGCMs), the “standard” models used in previous CMIP phases. The previous exercise was CMIP3 (Meehl et al., 2007), which was analyzed extensively in the ...
... observed recent ocean and sea ice conditions. Both the long- and near-term experiments are conducted using atmosphere–ocean global climate models (AOGCMs), the “standard” models used in previous CMIP phases. The previous exercise was CMIP3 (Meehl et al., 2007), which was analyzed extensively in the ...
The Effects of Climate Change on Beaver Habitat Suitability in
... Changes in stream-flow timing and magnitude could reduce beaver habitat by blowing out beaver dams during peak flow and dry out previous habitable areas during low flow. Objectives: • Model suitable beaver habitat based on stream flows and how that will change from now to 2040 and 2080 • Determine a ...
... Changes in stream-flow timing and magnitude could reduce beaver habitat by blowing out beaver dams during peak flow and dry out previous habitable areas during low flow. Objectives: • Model suitable beaver habitat based on stream flows and how that will change from now to 2040 and 2080 • Determine a ...
Global Warming: The Science and the Politics
... Since the mid-1950s, atmospheric scientists have been developing mathematical computer models to simulate the behaviour and structure of the global atmosphere. By the mid-1980s, these models had developed to the point that scientists began to make “greenhouse experiments” in which they mimicked the ...
... Since the mid-1950s, atmospheric scientists have been developing mathematical computer models to simulate the behaviour and structure of the global atmosphere. By the mid-1980s, these models had developed to the point that scientists began to make “greenhouse experiments” in which they mimicked the ...
Collectively Seeing Climate Change: The Limits of Formal Models
... to create GCMs, the weather models had to be stripped of most of their short-run phenomena and then made more complex by including the longerterm factors affecting climate change: how greenhouse gases affected the absorption and radiation of heat, the role of the oceans in distributing heat and abso ...
... to create GCMs, the weather models had to be stripped of most of their short-run phenomena and then made more complex by including the longerterm factors affecting climate change: how greenhouse gases affected the absorption and radiation of heat, the role of the oceans in distributing heat and abso ...
Direct Demand Models of Air Travel
... The assumptions underlying disaggregate models would seem to be more de~nandingand hence less likely to he satisfied. Such models generally assume that there is no taste variation across individuals and that all individuals have the same decision making process which is typically specified to be bas ...
... The assumptions underlying disaggregate models would seem to be more de~nandingand hence less likely to he satisfied. Such models generally assume that there is no taste variation across individuals and that all individuals have the same decision making process which is typically specified to be bas ...
Natural and forced air temperature variability in the Labrador region
... Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of mean annual air temperatures across the Labrador region for the coldest year in the record (1972; left panel) and the warmest year in the record (2010; right panel) ...
... Fig. 3 Spatial distribution of mean annual air temperatures across the Labrador region for the coldest year in the record (1972; left panel) and the warmest year in the record (2010; right panel) ...
D3.3 Annex 1 review pest risk mapping best practice
... 3.2.1 Mapping the risk of plant invasions in Europe based on habitat invasibility A specific approach to mapping the risk from invasions by alien plants was recently undertaken (Chytrý et al. 2009) with funding from the EU ALARM project. This approach focuses not on individual species but on the ove ...
... 3.2.1 Mapping the risk of plant invasions in Europe based on habitat invasibility A specific approach to mapping the risk from invasions by alien plants was recently undertaken (Chytrý et al. 2009) with funding from the EU ALARM project. This approach focuses not on individual species but on the ove ...
Atmospheric model
An atmospheric model is a mathematical model constructed around the full set of primitive dynamical equations which govern atmospheric motions. It can supplement these equations with parameterizations for turbulent diffusion, radiation, moist processes (clouds and precipitation), heat exchange, soil, vegetation, surface water, the kinematic effects of terrain, and convection. Most atmospheric models are numerical, i.e. they discretize equations of motion. They can predict microscale phenomena such as tornadoes and boundary layer eddies, sub-microscale turbulent flow over buildings, as well as synoptic and global flows. The horizontal domain of a model is either global, covering the entire Earth, or regional (limited-area), covering only part of the Earth. The different types of models run are thermotropic, barotropic, hydrostatic, and nonhydrostatic. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time steps used and increases computational speed.Forecasts are computed using mathematical equations for the physics and dynamics of the atmosphere. These equations are nonlinear and are impossible to solve exactly. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods. Global models often use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite-difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. For specific locations, model output statistics use climate information, output from numerical weather prediction, and current surface weather observations to develop statistical relationships which account for model bias and resolution issues.