Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal
... project to the dorsal cap of the inferior olive (e.g., Hoffmann and Schoppmann, 1975; Hoffmann et al., 1988); jerk neurons that respond to saccade-like stimulus movement (e.g., Ballas and Hoffmann, 1985) and project to the lateralis posterior nucleus of the thalamus (Sudkamp and Schmidt, 1995); and ...
... project to the dorsal cap of the inferior olive (e.g., Hoffmann and Schoppmann, 1975; Hoffmann et al., 1988); jerk neurons that respond to saccade-like stimulus movement (e.g., Ballas and Hoffmann, 1985) and project to the lateralis posterior nucleus of the thalamus (Sudkamp and Schmidt, 1995); and ...
Flow of information for emotions through temporal and orbitofrontal pathways REVIEW
... projections to posterior orbitofrontal cortex and to the amygdala originating in the supragranular layers, in pathways that may provide signals about the external environment. The amygdala innervates all layers of the posterior orbitofrontal cortex, including the middle, or feedforward, target layer ...
... projections to posterior orbitofrontal cortex and to the amygdala originating in the supragranular layers, in pathways that may provide signals about the external environment. The amygdala innervates all layers of the posterior orbitofrontal cortex, including the middle, or feedforward, target layer ...
Dynamic relationships between age, beta
... Although some brain regions such as precuneus and lateral temporo-parietal cortex have been shown to be more vulnerable to Alzheimer’s disease than other areas, a mechanism underlying the differential regional vulnerability to Alzheimer’s disease remains to be elucidated. Using fluorodeoxyglucose and ...
... Although some brain regions such as precuneus and lateral temporo-parietal cortex have been shown to be more vulnerable to Alzheimer’s disease than other areas, a mechanism underlying the differential regional vulnerability to Alzheimer’s disease remains to be elucidated. Using fluorodeoxyglucose and ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... stimulus for each trial. Each noun phrase and each verb was always three syllables long and presented for 350 ms in order to ensure a constant listening time. We prepared an original set of 40 pairs of noun phrase and verb. One half of the original pairs were used as N stimuli for each of the Syn, S ...
... stimulus for each trial. Each noun phrase and each verb was always three syllables long and presented for 350 ms in order to ensure a constant listening time. We prepared an original set of 40 pairs of noun phrase and verb. One half of the original pairs were used as N stimuli for each of the Syn, S ...
Predictive Coding: A Possible Explanation of Filling
... the learned statistical regularities, and send that prediction signal to the lower area by feedback connection. In response to this top-down information, lower area sends a residual error signal to the higher area, by feed-forward connection, to correct the next prediction. This idea is based on the ...
... the learned statistical regularities, and send that prediction signal to the lower area by feedback connection. In response to this top-down information, lower area sends a residual error signal to the higher area, by feed-forward connection, to correct the next prediction. This idea is based on the ...
A new view of the motor cortex
... sometimes directly to layer 5 of cortex, the output layer. The assumption seems to have been that this punctate stimulation could serve as a method of anatomical tract tracing. It could reveal the pathway of interest from cortex to muscles with a relay in the spinal cord, while avoiding the complica ...
... sometimes directly to layer 5 of cortex, the output layer. The assumption seems to have been that this punctate stimulation could serve as a method of anatomical tract tracing. It could reveal the pathway of interest from cortex to muscles with a relay in the spinal cord, while avoiding the complica ...
Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and
... the cutaneous vasoconstriction that is initially evoked is associated with cerebral vasodilation, such that cerebral blood flow is increased at a time when the salience of the stimulus needs to be assessed. Regardless of the physiological significance of the initial orienting reflex, however, it has ...
... the cutaneous vasoconstriction that is initially evoked is associated with cerebral vasodilation, such that cerebral blood flow is increased at a time when the salience of the stimulus needs to be assessed. Regardless of the physiological significance of the initial orienting reflex, however, it has ...
Scene perception: inferior temporal cortex neurons encode the
... Inferior temporal cortex (IT) neurons have reduced receptive field sizes in complex natural scenes. This facilitates the read-out of information about individual objects from IT, but raises the question of whether more than the single object present at the fovea is represented by the firing of IT ne ...
... Inferior temporal cortex (IT) neurons have reduced receptive field sizes in complex natural scenes. This facilitates the read-out of information about individual objects from IT, but raises the question of whether more than the single object present at the fovea is represented by the firing of IT ne ...
PDF - Journal of the American Heart Association
... for a total 17 minutes of CA because this insult is both clinically relevant and our prior experience suggested that the majority of these animals would be successfully resuscitated so that we could examine mitochondria 4 hours after the injury.17 This model maintains important clinical relevance be ...
... for a total 17 minutes of CA because this insult is both clinically relevant and our prior experience suggested that the majority of these animals would be successfully resuscitated so that we could examine mitochondria 4 hours after the injury.17 This model maintains important clinical relevance be ...
Electroencephalogram based Brain
... is more fraud resistant as thoughts can’t be forged! The P300 BCI paradigm can be used to generate a sequence of passwords (or personal identification number, PIN) that can be used in ATM machines and computer logins [18]. Instead of entering the password using a keypad, the alphanumeric characters ...
... is more fraud resistant as thoughts can’t be forged! The P300 BCI paradigm can be used to generate a sequence of passwords (or personal identification number, PIN) that can be used in ATM machines and computer logins [18]. Instead of entering the password using a keypad, the alphanumeric characters ...
Representing Spatial Relationships in Posterior
... the delay period, a copy object was presented (Fig. 1C,J; Copy). In Series A, the copy object was always centered on the fixation target (Fig. 1C). In Series B, the copy object was offset 4.2 horizontally to the left or right of the fixation target, at random across trials (Fig. 1J). In both series, ...
... the delay period, a copy object was presented (Fig. 1C,J; Copy). In Series A, the copy object was always centered on the fixation target (Fig. 1C). In Series B, the copy object was offset 4.2 horizontally to the left or right of the fixation target, at random across trials (Fig. 1J). In both series, ...
PDF
... closely resembles that of the prepared movement, while also often involving activation of the OO and SCM muscles (Valls-Solé et al., 1999; Ravichandran et al., 2013). The major difference between prepared actions that are triggered by innocuous or startling auditory stimuli is the latency of the res ...
... closely resembles that of the prepared movement, while also often involving activation of the OO and SCM muscles (Valls-Solé et al., 1999; Ravichandran et al., 2013). The major difference between prepared actions that are triggered by innocuous or startling auditory stimuli is the latency of the res ...
Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?
... where chimpanzees seem to greatly outperform elephants are those in which highly coordinated, fine-grained cognitive responses would appear to be paramount. Another biological difference influencing cognitive behavior involves those responses where binocular vision could play a major role. Elephants h ...
... where chimpanzees seem to greatly outperform elephants are those in which highly coordinated, fine-grained cognitive responses would appear to be paramount. Another biological difference influencing cognitive behavior involves those responses where binocular vision could play a major role. Elephants h ...
Emotion Dysregulation
... In order to define emotion dysregulation, it is first helpful to define emotion regulation. Although researchers do not agree upon a single definition of this construct, two common points are worth noting. One key element is that emotion regulation is not one function, but more likely involves a set ...
... In order to define emotion dysregulation, it is first helpful to define emotion regulation. Although researchers do not agree upon a single definition of this construct, two common points are worth noting. One key element is that emotion regulation is not one function, but more likely involves a set ...
A model for experience-dependent changes in the responses of inferotemporal neurons
... region (also known as the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert) in the basal forebrain (Mesulam et al 1983). Cholinergic antagonists have been shown to increase the average visual response of all recorded IT neurons during a DMS task with delay (Miller and Desimone 1993, Dudkin et al 1994). Fina ...
... region (also known as the magnocellular nucleus basalis of Meynert) in the basal forebrain (Mesulam et al 1983). Cholinergic antagonists have been shown to increase the average visual response of all recorded IT neurons during a DMS task with delay (Miller and Desimone 1993, Dudkin et al 1994). Fina ...
Where in the brain is morality?
... judgment. Greene and colleagues were the first to investigate whether brain regions such as the VMPC,3 implicated in emotional processing, are systematically engaged during moral judgment. Rather than contrasting moral to nonmoral stimuli, Greene and colleagues compared different kinds of moral dile ...
... judgment. Greene and colleagues were the first to investigate whether brain regions such as the VMPC,3 implicated in emotional processing, are systematically engaged during moral judgment. Rather than contrasting moral to nonmoral stimuli, Greene and colleagues compared different kinds of moral dile ...
PDF file
... feature-based, pixel-based, and phase-based as well as Bayesian approaches [8]. While those approaches have obtained limited success in special problems, it is becoming increasingly clear that they are not robust against wide variations in object surface properties and lighting conditions [10]. The ...
... feature-based, pixel-based, and phase-based as well as Bayesian approaches [8]. While those approaches have obtained limited success in special problems, it is becoming increasingly clear that they are not robust against wide variations in object surface properties and lighting conditions [10]. The ...
Cortical and subcortical afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti
... Anatomical findings are presented that identify cortical and subcortical sources of afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and basal pontine nuclei. Projections from the middle temporal visual area (MT), medial superior temporal visual area (MST), lateral intraparietal area (LIP ...
... Anatomical findings are presented that identify cortical and subcortical sources of afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and basal pontine nuclei. Projections from the middle temporal visual area (MT), medial superior temporal visual area (MST), lateral intraparietal area (LIP ...
“Congruent” and “Opposite” Neurons: Sisters for Multisensory
... However, multisensory integration is only half of the story of multisensory information processing, which works well when the sensory cues are originated from the same object. In cases where the sensory cues originate from different objects, the brain should segregate, rather than integrate, the cue ...
... However, multisensory integration is only half of the story of multisensory information processing, which works well when the sensory cues are originated from the same object. In cases where the sensory cues originate from different objects, the brain should segregate, rather than integrate, the cue ...
How microglia kill neurons
... microglia, astrocytes or other cells. For example, TNFα was found to cause death specifically of dopaminergic neurons in embryonic rat midbrain cultures, but it was not tested whether this neurotoxicity was mediated by glia (Clarke and Branton, 2002; McGuire et al., 2001). We found that TNFα could in ...
... microglia, astrocytes or other cells. For example, TNFα was found to cause death specifically of dopaminergic neurons in embryonic rat midbrain cultures, but it was not tested whether this neurotoxicity was mediated by glia (Clarke and Branton, 2002; McGuire et al., 2001). We found that TNFα could in ...
Short-Lasting Classical Conditioning Induces
... The effects of training upon row B representation were assessed by comparing the labeling evoked by stimulation of the "trained" row B of whiskers and the control row B, unstimulated during the behavioral training, on the other side of the snout. We previously ascertained (Chmielowska et al., 1986; ...
... The effects of training upon row B representation were assessed by comparing the labeling evoked by stimulation of the "trained" row B of whiskers and the control row B, unstimulated during the behavioral training, on the other side of the snout. We previously ascertained (Chmielowska et al., 1986; ...
View PDF - Laboratory of Brain, Hearing and Behavior
... animal associates the stimulus with rewarding or aversive consequences as a result of learning or innate predisposition. The influence of behavioral relevance in modulating SC/OT responses has been demonstrated by the finding that stimulus feature tuning can develop in SC neurons when the stimulus i ...
... animal associates the stimulus with rewarding or aversive consequences as a result of learning or innate predisposition. The influence of behavioral relevance in modulating SC/OT responses has been demonstrated by the finding that stimulus feature tuning can develop in SC neurons when the stimulus i ...
Emotional Arousal and Memory Binding
... study, most of the studies finding evidence for attentional narrowing manipulated how arousing a central cue, such as the woman and her bicycle, was (for a review, see Reisberg & Heuer, 2004). Thus, when it is the central cue that elicits the arousal, the attentional narrowing may result from shifts ...
... study, most of the studies finding evidence for attentional narrowing manipulated how arousing a central cue, such as the woman and her bicycle, was (for a review, see Reisberg & Heuer, 2004). Thus, when it is the central cue that elicits the arousal, the attentional narrowing may result from shifts ...
THE NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION Ralph F
... 6. The pulvinar and lateral posterior nuclei together coordinate with the lateral geniculate body to function as relays for visual information. 7. The medial geniculate body is a relay center for auditory information. 8. Based upon their connections, thalamic nuclei are of three types: modality-spec ...
... 6. The pulvinar and lateral posterior nuclei together coordinate with the lateral geniculate body to function as relays for visual information. 7. The medial geniculate body is a relay center for auditory information. 8. Based upon their connections, thalamic nuclei are of three types: modality-spec ...
The Teen Brain on Marijuana
... other. There is a fluid-filled space through which cells send chemical signals, called neurotransmitters, which help one cell (the “sending” neuron) tell the next cell (“receiving” neuron) what to do. These neurotransmitters are stored in pouches on the sending cell. When an electrical signal comes ...
... other. There is a fluid-filled space through which cells send chemical signals, called neurotransmitters, which help one cell (the “sending” neuron) tell the next cell (“receiving” neuron) what to do. These neurotransmitters are stored in pouches on the sending cell. When an electrical signal comes ...
Neuroesthetics
Neuroesthetics (or neuroaesthetics) is a relatively recent sub-discipline of empirical aesthetics. Empirical aesthetics takes a scientific approach to the study of aesthetic perceptions of art and music. Neuroesthetics received its formal definition in 2002 as the scientific study of the neural bases for the contemplation and creation of a work of art. Neuroesthetics uses neuroscience to explain and understand the aesthetic experiences at the neurological level. The topic attracts scholars from many disciplines including neuroscientists, art historians, artists, and psychologists.