Do reports of consciousness during cardiac arrest hold
... Many critically ill patients have recalled lucid, well-structured thought processes together with reasoning and memory formation as well as consciousness from their period of cardiac arrest resuscitation. These vary from images of bright lights and tunnels to the very interesting recollection of act ...
... Many critically ill patients have recalled lucid, well-structured thought processes together with reasoning and memory formation as well as consciousness from their period of cardiac arrest resuscitation. These vary from images of bright lights and tunnels to the very interesting recollection of act ...
pdf
... due to the chronic and progressive nature of this disease [2,3]. In PD large numbers of dopaminergic neurons located within basal ganglia circuitry degenerate. Evidence suggests that symptoms in PD are related to a more extensive pathological process involving a progressive caudal to rostral aggrega ...
... due to the chronic and progressive nature of this disease [2,3]. In PD large numbers of dopaminergic neurons located within basal ganglia circuitry degenerate. Evidence suggests that symptoms in PD are related to a more extensive pathological process involving a progressive caudal to rostral aggrega ...
David Hunter Hubel. 27 February 1926 — 22 September 2013
... processing beyond the retina. Individual retinal receptors break the image falling on the retina into hundreds of thousands of individual messages. Each message conveys information about one tiny part of the visual field, the visual receptive field of the individual neuron. These messages are transm ...
... processing beyond the retina. Individual retinal receptors break the image falling on the retina into hundreds of thousands of individual messages. Each message conveys information about one tiny part of the visual field, the visual receptive field of the individual neuron. These messages are transm ...
General knowledge about nervous system
... Large doses of opiates can be fatal b/c suppress activity of medulla…why…?...b/c receptors there! ...
... Large doses of opiates can be fatal b/c suppress activity of medulla…why…?...b/c receptors there! ...
Impact of early-life stress on the medial prefrontal cortex functions
... the mPFC and by the atrophy of dendritic trees and reduced spine density in layer II/III pyramidal neurons of the mPFC [15]. Interestingly, in adult animals subjected to ELS, Baudin et al. (2012) revealed an upregulation of LTP processes in the mPFC and deficits in mPFC-dependent cognitive tasks [3] ...
... the mPFC and by the atrophy of dendritic trees and reduced spine density in layer II/III pyramidal neurons of the mPFC [15]. Interestingly, in adult animals subjected to ELS, Baudin et al. (2012) revealed an upregulation of LTP processes in the mPFC and deficits in mPFC-dependent cognitive tasks [3] ...
File
... – Pain suppression; links amygdaloid body and ANS; controls cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV ...
... – Pain suppression; links amygdaloid body and ANS; controls cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV ...
Behavioural Brain Research Multisensory contributions to the
... The case of auditory–tactile interactions in the processing of vibratory stimulation is one of the few types of multisensory interaction in which the two sensory modalities involved are sensitive to the very same kind of physical property (mechanical pressure in the form of oscillations). The tight ...
... The case of auditory–tactile interactions in the processing of vibratory stimulation is one of the few types of multisensory interaction in which the two sensory modalities involved are sensitive to the very same kind of physical property (mechanical pressure in the form of oscillations). The tight ...
Précis of The Brain and Emotion
... reinforcers) do. They describe the pain as a sensation. But neutral stimuli (such as a table) can produce sensations when touched. It accordingly seems to be much more useful to categorise stimuli according to whether they are reinforcing (in which case they produce emotions), or are not reinforcing ...
... reinforcers) do. They describe the pain as a sensation. But neutral stimuli (such as a table) can produce sensations when touched. It accordingly seems to be much more useful to categorise stimuli according to whether they are reinforcing (in which case they produce emotions), or are not reinforcing ...
Human Neural Systems for Face Recognition and Social
... found in the lateral inferior occipital gyri and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (Halgren et al 1999; Haxby et al 1999; Hoffman and Haxby 2000; Kanwisher et al 1997; Puce et al 1998) (Figure 1). Evoked potential studies using electrodes placed on the cortical surface in patients undergoing br ...
... found in the lateral inferior occipital gyri and the posterior superior temporal sulcus (Halgren et al 1999; Haxby et al 1999; Hoffman and Haxby 2000; Kanwisher et al 1997; Puce et al 1998) (Figure 1). Evoked potential studies using electrodes placed on the cortical surface in patients undergoing br ...
alzheimer-like changes of protein kinase b and glycogen synthase
... Various experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease have been introduced today, and actually no single model has been found to be truly representative of the sporadic type of Alzheimer's disease, unrelated to the genetic manipulations or inheritance. Therefore, considering the fact that Alzheimer’s d ...
... Various experimental models of Alzheimer’s disease have been introduced today, and actually no single model has been found to be truly representative of the sporadic type of Alzheimer's disease, unrelated to the genetic manipulations or inheritance. Therefore, considering the fact that Alzheimer’s d ...
Auditory cortex
... The planum temporale (PT) location close to Wernicke’s area for speech comprehension, points towards its role as the site for auditory speech and language processing. However neuroimaging studies of PT provide evidence that functional role of PT is not limited to speech. PT is a hub for auditory sce ...
... The planum temporale (PT) location close to Wernicke’s area for speech comprehension, points towards its role as the site for auditory speech and language processing. However neuroimaging studies of PT provide evidence that functional role of PT is not limited to speech. PT is a hub for auditory sce ...
The Nervous System
... • The plasma membranes of the cell body and its dendrites are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, and electrical stimulation – Such stimulation often leads to the generation of an electrical impulse, known as an action potential – This action potential travels along the axon, beginning at the thicken ...
... • The plasma membranes of the cell body and its dendrites are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, and electrical stimulation – Such stimulation often leads to the generation of an electrical impulse, known as an action potential – This action potential travels along the axon, beginning at the thicken ...
2-2
... • Thus, lateral PFC plays a crucial role in the organization and execution of behavior, speech, and reasoning ...
... • Thus, lateral PFC plays a crucial role in the organization and execution of behavior, speech, and reasoning ...
State-Dependent TMS Reveals a Hierarchical
... that is presented to them. For example, others’ behavior is immediately categorized as ‘‘grasping’’ regardless either of the numerous possible kinematic variants of this movement or even of the body part (e.g., a right hand, a left hand, or a foot) that is used to perform the act. Neuroimaging studi ...
... that is presented to them. For example, others’ behavior is immediately categorized as ‘‘grasping’’ regardless either of the numerous possible kinematic variants of this movement or even of the body part (e.g., a right hand, a left hand, or a foot) that is used to perform the act. Neuroimaging studi ...
Role of motor cortex in voluntary movements Eye
... • Upper motor neurons ‐ neurons of the brain that innervate lower motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem, either directly or through an interneuron • may arise from the brainstem or cerebral cortex ...
... • Upper motor neurons ‐ neurons of the brain that innervate lower motor neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem, either directly or through an interneuron • may arise from the brainstem or cerebral cortex ...
Time Is Brain—Quantified
... isolated particles with a uniform probability in 3-dimensional space regardless of their size, shape, or orientation in tissue.20 The total number of neurons in the average human brain is ⬇130 billion. However, cerebellar granular cells contribute disproportionately to this sum. There are 21.5 billi ...
... isolated particles with a uniform probability in 3-dimensional space regardless of their size, shape, or orientation in tissue.20 The total number of neurons in the average human brain is ⬇130 billion. However, cerebellar granular cells contribute disproportionately to this sum. There are 21.5 billi ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.