The cerebrocerebellar system: anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... The contribution of the cerebellum to the modulation of cognition and emotion is facilitated by the connections between the cerebellum and brain structures known to be associated with a wide array of non-motor behaviors. The cerebellum has interconnections with brainstem and thalamic reticular syste ...
... The contribution of the cerebellum to the modulation of cognition and emotion is facilitated by the connections between the cerebellum and brain structures known to be associated with a wide array of non-motor behaviors. The cerebellum has interconnections with brainstem and thalamic reticular syste ...
Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging: Technique review and Models
... (VSDI). This optical imaging technique offers the possibility to visualize, in real time, the cortical activity of large neuronal populations with high spatial resolution (down to 20-50 µm) and high temporal resolution (down to the millisecond). With such resolutions, VSDI appears to be the best tec ...
... (VSDI). This optical imaging technique offers the possibility to visualize, in real time, the cortical activity of large neuronal populations with high spatial resolution (down to 20-50 µm) and high temporal resolution (down to the millisecond). With such resolutions, VSDI appears to be the best tec ...
Chapter 103: Application Of Imaging Technologies In The
... strategies have also been used to assess the brain region involved in drug-related states such as drug craving. (See Chapter 110.) ...
... strategies have also been used to assess the brain region involved in drug-related states such as drug craving. (See Chapter 110.) ...
Long-term use of psychedelic drugs is associated with differences in
... J.C. Bouso et al. transcription factors associated with synaptic plasticity. These data suggest that psychedelics could potentially induce structural changes in brain tissue. Here we looked for differences in cortical thickness (CT) in regular users of psychedelics. We obtained magnetic resonance im ...
... J.C. Bouso et al. transcription factors associated with synaptic plasticity. These data suggest that psychedelics could potentially induce structural changes in brain tissue. Here we looked for differences in cortical thickness (CT) in regular users of psychedelics. We obtained magnetic resonance im ...
Surface-view connectivity patterns of area 18 in cats
... FB-labeled neurons in all three projection regions: these injection sites were located in cortex representing lower vision and were separated by approximately 7' of visual space (Fig. 1B). In contrast, there was no overlap of either of these populations with those which were labeled following the WG ...
... FB-labeled neurons in all three projection regions: these injection sites were located in cortex representing lower vision and were separated by approximately 7' of visual space (Fig. 1B). In contrast, there was no overlap of either of these populations with those which were labeled following the WG ...
Author`s personal copy
... correlations between visual field deficits and focal lesions in V1 [1–3]. Although crude by today’s standards, these early clinical observations nevertheless helped to confirm some basic facts about V1. First, V1 organization reproduces the spatial organization of the retina (known as retinotopic or ...
... correlations between visual field deficits and focal lesions in V1 [1–3]. Although crude by today’s standards, these early clinical observations nevertheless helped to confirm some basic facts about V1. First, V1 organization reproduces the spatial organization of the retina (known as retinotopic or ...
Alterations in white matter fractional anisotropy in subsyndromal perimenopausal depression Open Access
... in the bilateral anterior cingulate gyri and right rectal gyrus, and a positive correlation between the RD value of the right anterior cingulum and the CES-D score in the subclinically depressed women [27]. In another study on 810 community-dwelling adult participants by the same authors, they found ...
... in the bilateral anterior cingulate gyri and right rectal gyrus, and a positive correlation between the RD value of the right anterior cingulum and the CES-D score in the subclinically depressed women [27]. In another study on 810 community-dwelling adult participants by the same authors, they found ...
Contrasting Effects of Haloperidol and Lithium on
... To pinpoint areas in the brain that account for smaller WBV observed after chronic HAL treatment, analysis of regional brain volumes was conducted. For CTX volume, significant main effects of drug treatment and a time ⫻ treatment interaction were detected (Table 2). HAL treatment resulted in a signi ...
... To pinpoint areas in the brain that account for smaller WBV observed after chronic HAL treatment, analysis of regional brain volumes was conducted. For CTX volume, significant main effects of drug treatment and a time ⫻ treatment interaction were detected (Table 2). HAL treatment resulted in a signi ...
Cortical modulation of pain
... most reliable pain-related activity are bilateral and located in a broad region extending from the anterior insula to the second somatosensory cortex (SII) and associative parietal cortex, including the depth of the Sylvian fissure and the parietal and frontal operculi. Other cortical areas consiste ...
... most reliable pain-related activity are bilateral and located in a broad region extending from the anterior insula to the second somatosensory cortex (SII) and associative parietal cortex, including the depth of the Sylvian fissure and the parietal and frontal operculi. Other cortical areas consiste ...
Eagleman Ch 7. The Motor System
... Purkinje cells generate the output of the cerebellum via inhibitory projections to deep cerebellar nuclei. These nuclei send excitatory connections to the brain and spinal cord. ...
... Purkinje cells generate the output of the cerebellum via inhibitory projections to deep cerebellar nuclei. These nuclei send excitatory connections to the brain and spinal cord. ...
Chapter 3 - University of South Alabama
... Neurons cells specialized for communication ____________ – the process of the neuron specialized to receive “information” from adjacent cells (receptor sites, increased surface area/volume yielding enough area for perhaps ...
... Neurons cells specialized for communication ____________ – the process of the neuron specialized to receive “information” from adjacent cells (receptor sites, increased surface area/volume yielding enough area for perhaps ...
Perception, Action, and Utility: The Tangled Skein
... over states, does this estimate have a discrete neural correlate? Perhaps the most detailed and compelling answer comes from studies of motion perception. Here, the state being inferred is the direction of dot motion given noisy sensory information. Newsome, Britten, and Movshon (1989) recorded from ...
... over states, does this estimate have a discrete neural correlate? Perhaps the most detailed and compelling answer comes from studies of motion perception. Here, the state being inferred is the direction of dot motion given noisy sensory information. Newsome, Britten, and Movshon (1989) recorded from ...
Neuronal Replacement and Reconstruction of Damaged Circuitries
... the survival rate of the grafts can be quite different in grafts taken fromearly and late gestational stages (see Kromeret al 1983for examplesof hippocampal grafts). Partial exceptionsto this rule are grafts of developingcerebellar tissue, which producewell-organized grafts only whentaken from a fai ...
... the survival rate of the grafts can be quite different in grafts taken fromearly and late gestational stages (see Kromeret al 1983for examplesof hippocampal grafts). Partial exceptionsto this rule are grafts of developingcerebellar tissue, which producewell-organized grafts only whentaken from a fai ...
Interoception and Emotion: a Neuroanatomical Perspective
... operations are ephemeral, and it is organized in series of processing areas and nested hierarchies that form networks, so it is difficult to analyze. Studies of the effects of lesions and stimulation first identified the sensory regions (for vision, audition, and touch) and the motor regions (for sk ...
... operations are ephemeral, and it is organized in series of processing areas and nested hierarchies that form networks, so it is difficult to analyze. Studies of the effects of lesions and stimulation first identified the sensory regions (for vision, audition, and touch) and the motor regions (for sk ...
reading for language.
... the second language is acquired during adulthood, it is usually represented in a separate region in Broca’s area [3,11]. The neuroanatomy of language Three large networks interact to connect language with conceptual information [1]. Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, the insular cortex, the head of the c ...
... the second language is acquired during adulthood, it is usually represented in a separate region in Broca’s area [3,11]. The neuroanatomy of language Three large networks interact to connect language with conceptual information [1]. Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, the insular cortex, the head of the c ...
A new view of the motor cortex
... closely resembled common categories of actions from the monkey’s normal repertoire. For example, when sites within one region of the map were stimulated, a hand-to-mouth movement was evoked (Graziano et al., 2002; Graziano et al., 2005). The movement included a closure of the hand into an apparent ...
... closely resembled common categories of actions from the monkey’s normal repertoire. For example, when sites within one region of the map were stimulated, a hand-to-mouth movement was evoked (Graziano et al., 2002; Graziano et al., 2005). The movement included a closure of the hand into an apparent ...
internal structure of the brain stem
... 8. What is the only cranial nerve that exits dorsally ? ...
... 8. What is the only cranial nerve that exits dorsally ? ...
2. Organization of the Exam and Assessment Criteria
... 13. Electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography: ways of recording and methods of analysis, components of evoked potentials, relation to psychical processes and conditions. 14. Evoked potentials and its application in psychophysiology: ways of recording, methods of analysis. Components of evok ...
... 13. Electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography: ways of recording and methods of analysis, components of evoked potentials, relation to psychical processes and conditions. 14. Evoked potentials and its application in psychophysiology: ways of recording, methods of analysis. Components of evok ...
video slide - Course Notes
... • The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex has a different arrangement in birds and mammals. • In mammals, the cerebral cortex has a convoluted surface called the neocortex, which was previously thought to be required for cognition. • Cognition is the perception and reasoning that form knowledge. ...
... • The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex has a different arrangement in birds and mammals. • In mammals, the cerebral cortex has a convoluted surface called the neocortex, which was previously thought to be required for cognition. • Cognition is the perception and reasoning that form knowledge. ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.