Gestalt Issues in Modern Neuroscience
... 3.1. Receptive and perceptive fields A compelling and well-known phenomenon that may be explained in terms of concentric receptive fields is the Hermann grid illusion (Figure 3). Baumgartner (1960) first proposed that the dark illusory spots at the intersections of a white grid could be accounted fo ...
... 3.1. Receptive and perceptive fields A compelling and well-known phenomenon that may be explained in terms of concentric receptive fields is the Hermann grid illusion (Figure 3). Baumgartner (1960) first proposed that the dark illusory spots at the intersections of a white grid could be accounted fo ...
Chapt 12b
... – Pain suppression; links amygdaloid body and ANS; controls cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV ...
... – Pain suppression; links amygdaloid body and ANS; controls cranial nerves III (oculomotor) and IV ...
The History of the EEG
... • Overall increase of coherence for recalled vs. not recalled nouns • Long range synchronization of frontal and temporal/parietal neuronal assemblies increases for recalled nouns. ...
... • Overall increase of coherence for recalled vs. not recalled nouns • Long range synchronization of frontal and temporal/parietal neuronal assemblies increases for recalled nouns. ...
Transcripts/2_4 1
... a. Imagine that you are looking out at the visual world and this is the point you are looking at. Here is the fovea, here is the periphery. You also have these monocular crescents. b. The eyes mostly see the same thing, but not quite. Ex: The left eye gets blocked looking to the right because the no ...
... a. Imagine that you are looking out at the visual world and this is the point you are looking at. Here is the fovea, here is the periphery. You also have these monocular crescents. b. The eyes mostly see the same thing, but not quite. Ex: The left eye gets blocked looking to the right because the no ...
The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Decision Making
... 2005; Volz et al. 2006), reinforcement learning, or choice tasks (reviewed in O’Doherty 2004; Montague et al. 2006). However, both single-unit and fMRI studies have found that many other areas of the brain, including midbrain nuclei, striatum, parietal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex also ...
... 2005; Volz et al. 2006), reinforcement learning, or choice tasks (reviewed in O’Doherty 2004; Montague et al. 2006). However, both single-unit and fMRI studies have found that many other areas of the brain, including midbrain nuclei, striatum, parietal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex also ...
The Organization of the Frontal Motor Cortex
... motor areas General considerations. Modern neuroanatomic techniques showed that each frontal motor area has a specific pattern of anatomic connections. When this pattern is closely examined and the functional properties of the areas connected with one another are considered, it emerges that the vari ...
... motor areas General considerations. Modern neuroanatomic techniques showed that each frontal motor area has a specific pattern of anatomic connections. When this pattern is closely examined and the functional properties of the areas connected with one another are considered, it emerges that the vari ...
A quantitative description of the mouse piriform cortex
... neurons is available from this report. To complete the model, therefore, we need an estimate of the synaptic connection strength. In a seemingly random network such as the one between glomeruli and piriform neurons, the synaptic connection strength between any glomerulus-neuron pair (i,j) can be obt ...
... neurons is available from this report. To complete the model, therefore, we need an estimate of the synaptic connection strength. In a seemingly random network such as the one between glomeruli and piriform neurons, the synaptic connection strength between any glomerulus-neuron pair (i,j) can be obt ...
Anatomical Evidence of Multimodal Integration in Primate
... cortex to form longitudinal injections sites (2–3 mm) primarily restricted to the cortical gray matter. The smallest injection was the DY injection in M85RH (0.05 l). In the other single injections, 0.2– 0.3 l of tracer were delivered. In one case (BB270) multiple injections were made and a total ...
... cortex to form longitudinal injections sites (2–3 mm) primarily restricted to the cortical gray matter. The smallest injection was the DY injection in M85RH (0.05 l). In the other single injections, 0.2– 0.3 l of tracer were delivered. In one case (BB270) multiple injections were made and a total ...
Lecture 21,22
... A Cross-section view of spinal cord- wider laterllay than anteroposteriorly. In the middle on the dorsal side is a shallow groove called the posterior median sulcus and on the ventral side is the anterior median fissure (deeper). center consist of gray matter shaped like a butterfly and there is an ...
... A Cross-section view of spinal cord- wider laterllay than anteroposteriorly. In the middle on the dorsal side is a shallow groove called the posterior median sulcus and on the ventral side is the anterior median fissure (deeper). center consist of gray matter shaped like a butterfly and there is an ...
PSYB1 Biopsychology Short Qs JM09 December
... 5. Outline one difference in function between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron. (2 marks) (June 07) AO1 One mark for identification of an appropriate function of a motor/sensory neuron. Two marks for elaboration of the difference in function between these two types of neuron. Possible answer: The ...
... 5. Outline one difference in function between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron. (2 marks) (June 07) AO1 One mark for identification of an appropriate function of a motor/sensory neuron. Two marks for elaboration of the difference in function between these two types of neuron. Possible answer: The ...
Age-related Increase in Astrocytes in the Visual Area V2 of the Cat
... Minor adjustments in the fine focus were made when necessary in order to make the images as legible as possible. However, as only the processes distributed laterally on the soma can be identified from a cross section, the process number counted in this study is a rough estimation. But the result sho ...
... Minor adjustments in the fine focus were made when necessary in order to make the images as legible as possible. However, as only the processes distributed laterally on the soma can be identified from a cross section, the process number counted in this study is a rough estimation. But the result sho ...
The Thalamus
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
... transmitters used by thalamic cells and the interactions of these transmitters with a wide range of receptor types and subtypes which not only govern the responses of thalamic cells to external and internally generated stimuli but also modulate their activities during changes in conscious state. In ...
Cerebellar Affective Syndrome Expanding Our Thinking About the
... SCA=Superior cerebellar artery (basilar artery branch) supplies most of cerebellar cortex, nuclei, superior vermis, middle/superior cerebellar peduncles AICA=Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (basilar artery branch) supplies to anterior portion of the inferior cerebellum, FN, as well as CN 7,8. Ob ...
... SCA=Superior cerebellar artery (basilar artery branch) supplies most of cerebellar cortex, nuclei, superior vermis, middle/superior cerebellar peduncles AICA=Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (basilar artery branch) supplies to anterior portion of the inferior cerebellum, FN, as well as CN 7,8. Ob ...
Chapter 2 - TC Online
... spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons – Interneurons also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain. ...
... spinal cord that receives information from the sensory neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the motor neurons – Interneurons also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain. ...
The Brain and Addiction
... the vesicle fuses with the membrane and releases dopamine. The dopamine molecules can then bind to a dopamine receptor (in pink). After the dopamine binds, it comes off the receptor and is removed from the synaptic cleft by uptake pumps (also proteins) that reside on the terminal (arrows show the di ...
... the vesicle fuses with the membrane and releases dopamine. The dopamine molecules can then bind to a dopamine receptor (in pink). After the dopamine binds, it comes off the receptor and is removed from the synaptic cleft by uptake pumps (also proteins) that reside on the terminal (arrows show the di ...
Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes
... cellular constituents4. Genetic studies using various model organisms have highlighted the importance of autophagy in physiological and pathological events5. The principal role of autophagy is in the supply of nutrients for survival, as shown in yeast6 and early neonatal mice7,8. Autophagy also has ...
... cellular constituents4. Genetic studies using various model organisms have highlighted the importance of autophagy in physiological and pathological events5. The principal role of autophagy is in the supply of nutrients for survival, as shown in yeast6 and early neonatal mice7,8. Autophagy also has ...
phys chapter 51 [3-20
... o Into ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus and surrounding basal regions of brain to help control some of body’s behavioral functions Visual pathways divided into old system (to midbrain and base of forebrain) and new system (responsible for direct transmission of visual signals into vi ...
... o Into ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus and surrounding basal regions of brain to help control some of body’s behavioral functions Visual pathways divided into old system (to midbrain and base of forebrain) and new system (responsible for direct transmission of visual signals into vi ...
The cerebrocerebellar system: anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... The contribution of the cerebellum to the modulation of cognition and emotion is facilitated by the connections between the cerebellum and brain structures known to be associated with a wide array of non-motor behaviors. The cerebellum has interconnections with brainstem and thalamic reticular syste ...
... The contribution of the cerebellum to the modulation of cognition and emotion is facilitated by the connections between the cerebellum and brain structures known to be associated with a wide array of non-motor behaviors. The cerebellum has interconnections with brainstem and thalamic reticular syste ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.