Developmental mechanics of the primate cerebral cortex
... this hypothesis. There were significantly more neurons in layers V+VI of gyral areas than in intermediate areas, and more neurons in the deep layers of intermediate than sulcal areas (pairwise t tests, Bonferroniadjusted, P<0.05). In line with this explanation, a greater curvature of gyri should incr ...
... this hypothesis. There were significantly more neurons in layers V+VI of gyral areas than in intermediate areas, and more neurons in the deep layers of intermediate than sulcal areas (pairwise t tests, Bonferroniadjusted, P<0.05). In line with this explanation, a greater curvature of gyri should incr ...
On the computational architecture of the neocortex
... and backward through axons has modified and frequently subdivided Brodmann's areas (e.g. the third visual area, Brodmann's area 19, turned out to be composed of more than one area), but the picture of a map-like division of the surface of the brain into independent computational modules with specifi ...
... and backward through axons has modified and frequently subdivided Brodmann's areas (e.g. the third visual area, Brodmann's area 19, turned out to be composed of more than one area), but the picture of a map-like division of the surface of the brain into independent computational modules with specifi ...
Affective neuroscience: the emergence of a discipline
... region of the amygdala also receives inputs from sensory association areas of the neocortex, as well as from polymodal areas, such as the perirhinal cortex and the hippocampal formation. (a) The thalamo-amygdala sensory projection has been implicated in simple fear conditioning: one conditioned stim ...
... region of the amygdala also receives inputs from sensory association areas of the neocortex, as well as from polymodal areas, such as the perirhinal cortex and the hippocampal formation. (a) The thalamo-amygdala sensory projection has been implicated in simple fear conditioning: one conditioned stim ...
Connectivity of the human pedunculopontine nucleus region and
... connectivity of the PPN region in humans. This technique is an effective noninvasive method for examining anatomical connections of clinically important structures in the human nervous system. Although the results from our investigation of diffusion weighted imaging in humans in general agree with t ...
... connectivity of the PPN region in humans. This technique is an effective noninvasive method for examining anatomical connections of clinically important structures in the human nervous system. Although the results from our investigation of diffusion weighted imaging in humans in general agree with t ...
The Cytoarchitectonic Map of Constantin von Economo and Georg N
... cerebral cortical layers, compared to Brodmann. By dissecting each gyrus and sulcus perpendicularly to its axis, von Economo and Koskinas successfully addressed the core problem of flattening out the convoluted polyhedral surface of the human cerebral mantle. They defined five structural cortical ty ...
... cerebral cortical layers, compared to Brodmann. By dissecting each gyrus and sulcus perpendicularly to its axis, von Economo and Koskinas successfully addressed the core problem of flattening out the convoluted polyhedral surface of the human cerebral mantle. They defined five structural cortical ty ...
Chapter 11: The Auditory and Vestibular Systems
... Hearing and Balance (Cont’d) Auditory Parallels Visual System Tonotopy (auditory) and Retinotopy (visual) preserved from sensory cells to cortex code Convergence of inputs from lower levels Neurons at higher levels have more complex responses ...
... Hearing and Balance (Cont’d) Auditory Parallels Visual System Tonotopy (auditory) and Retinotopy (visual) preserved from sensory cells to cortex code Convergence of inputs from lower levels Neurons at higher levels have more complex responses ...
Physiology of functional and effective networks in epilepsy
... thought to play important roles in the pathogenesis of epilepsy) relative to controls. These findings may suggest that the decoupling of functional and structural connectivity may reflect the progress of long-term impairment in idiopathic generalized epilepsy, and may be used as a potential biomarker ...
... thought to play important roles in the pathogenesis of epilepsy) relative to controls. These findings may suggest that the decoupling of functional and structural connectivity may reflect the progress of long-term impairment in idiopathic generalized epilepsy, and may be used as a potential biomarker ...
Contributions and challenges for network models in cognitive
... gray-matter voxels into equal-sized clusters and strategies that use cytoarchitectonics or anatomical landmarks. Particularly promising are data-driven approaches based on the detection of boundaries in structural or functional connectivity profiles15, region-growing and clustering methods16, or a c ...
... gray-matter voxels into equal-sized clusters and strategies that use cytoarchitectonics or anatomical landmarks. Particularly promising are data-driven approaches based on the detection of boundaries in structural or functional connectivity profiles15, region-growing and clustering methods16, or a c ...
Visuospatial processing and the right
... speech and dominates language functions, has greater fine motor control, and superior cognitive abilities in general. Split-brain researchers have suggested that the left hemisphere often over-rules the right, even when it does not possess task-relevant information, and that it is ‘‘in control’’ most ...
... speech and dominates language functions, has greater fine motor control, and superior cognitive abilities in general. Split-brain researchers have suggested that the left hemisphere often over-rules the right, even when it does not possess task-relevant information, and that it is ‘‘in control’’ most ...
A Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents Fact Sheet
... offer more options for children who cannot take stimulant medications or who do not respond to them. For example, researchers are looking for ways to improve psychosocial treatments that combine behavioral and cognitive therapies. ...
... offer more options for children who cannot take stimulant medications or who do not respond to them. For example, researchers are looking for ways to improve psychosocial treatments that combine behavioral and cognitive therapies. ...
Monkey and humans exhibit similar motion
... receptive fields increases. This rapid increase in spike discharge plateaus at relatively low dot densities (Snowden et al. 1991, 1992). When additional dots moving in the neurons’ anti-preferred direction are added, the resulting density-tuning functions indicate a division-like inhibitory interact ...
... receptive fields increases. This rapid increase in spike discharge plateaus at relatively low dot densities (Snowden et al. 1991, 1992). When additional dots moving in the neurons’ anti-preferred direction are added, the resulting density-tuning functions indicate a division-like inhibitory interact ...
Learning, Reward and Decision-Making
... stimulus or class of stimuli, they offer the advantages of being cognitively efficient, automatic, and rapidly deployed. However, because they are initiated without consideration of the organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially ...
... stimulus or class of stimuli, they offer the advantages of being cognitively efficient, automatic, and rapidly deployed. However, because they are initiated without consideration of the organism’s goals or subsequent outcomes, stimulus-driven behaviors can suffer from being overly rigid, especially ...
BACOFUN_2016 Meeting Booklet - Barrel Cortex Function 2016
... Dense Statistical Connectome of Rat Barrel Cortex Daniel Udvary, Robert Egger, Vincent J. Dercksen, and Marcel Oberlaender Synaptic connectivity is one important constrain for cortical signal flow and function. Consequently, a complete synaptic connectivity map (i.e., connectome) of a cortical area ...
... Dense Statistical Connectome of Rat Barrel Cortex Daniel Udvary, Robert Egger, Vincent J. Dercksen, and Marcel Oberlaender Synaptic connectivity is one important constrain for cortical signal flow and function. Consequently, a complete synaptic connectivity map (i.e., connectome) of a cortical area ...
CHAPTER 11: NERVOUS SYSTEM II: DIVISIONS OF THE
... The white matter of the spinal cord is also called "white columns", and represent the location of our major nerve pathways called "nerve ...
... The white matter of the spinal cord is also called "white columns", and represent the location of our major nerve pathways called "nerve ...
Nervous_system_Tissue_Overview
... interventricular foramen 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle subarachnoid space & central canal of SC ...
... interventricular foramen 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle subarachnoid space & central canal of SC ...
Brain Gate
... systems or sensory organs. The most widely used neuroprosthetic device is the cochlear implant, which was implanted in approximately 100,000 people worldwide as of 2006. There are also several neuroprosthetic devices that aim to restore vision, including retinal implants, although this article only ...
... systems or sensory organs. The most widely used neuroprosthetic device is the cochlear implant, which was implanted in approximately 100,000 people worldwide as of 2006. There are also several neuroprosthetic devices that aim to restore vision, including retinal implants, although this article only ...
The Ventrolateral Hypothalamic Area and the Parvafox Nucleus
... et al., 1982). In the third edition of his atlas of the rat brain, Swanson (2004; see also Swanson et al., 2005) used the same method to subdivide the rat LHA into 26 “LHA cell differentiations” or into consistently appearing Nissl-stained groups of cells, which were perhaps insufficiently dense to ...
... et al., 1982). In the third edition of his atlas of the rat brain, Swanson (2004; see also Swanson et al., 2005) used the same method to subdivide the rat LHA into 26 “LHA cell differentiations” or into consistently appearing Nissl-stained groups of cells, which were perhaps insufficiently dense to ...
Unique features of the human brainstem and cerebellum
... and Baker, 2006a). We referred to this region as the “calretinin (CR) area.” We subsequently found a CR area in the MVe of other species, including squirrel and macaque monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans (Baizer and Baker, 2006a; Baizer and Broussard, 2010; Baizer et al., 2013a). Figure 2 illustrates ...
... and Baker, 2006a). We referred to this region as the “calretinin (CR) area.” We subsequently found a CR area in the MVe of other species, including squirrel and macaque monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans (Baizer and Baker, 2006a; Baizer and Broussard, 2010; Baizer et al., 2013a). Figure 2 illustrates ...
Auditory Cortex (1)
... 1. Woolsey CN and Walzl EM. Topical projection of nerve fibers from local regions of the cochlea to the cerebral cortex of the cat. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 71: 315-344, 1942. 2. Evans EF, Ross HF and Whitfield IC. The spatial distribution of unit characteristic frequency in the primar ...
... 1. Woolsey CN and Walzl EM. Topical projection of nerve fibers from local regions of the cochlea to the cerebral cortex of the cat. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 71: 315-344, 1942. 2. Evans EF, Ross HF and Whitfield IC. The spatial distribution of unit characteristic frequency in the primar ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.