A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing
... A basic feature of intelligent systems such as the cerebral cortex is the ability to freely associate aspects of perceived experience with an internal representation of the world and make predictions about the future. Here, a hypothesis is presented that the extraordinary performance of the cortex d ...
... A basic feature of intelligent systems such as the cerebral cortex is the ability to freely associate aspects of perceived experience with an internal representation of the world and make predictions about the future. Here, a hypothesis is presented that the extraordinary performance of the cortex d ...
Five-dimensional neuroimaging: Localization of the time–frequency
... (Robinson and Vrba, 1999). However, published studies typically employ SAM to generate static fMRI-style images using a large bandwidth and wide time window—effectively discarding the temporal resolution advantage of magnetoencephalography. Only a few studies have attempted time–frequency analysis i ...
... (Robinson and Vrba, 1999). However, published studies typically employ SAM to generate static fMRI-style images using a large bandwidth and wide time window—effectively discarding the temporal resolution advantage of magnetoencephalography. Only a few studies have attempted time–frequency analysis i ...
Looking for the roots of cortical sensory computation in three
... In PCx, afferents from mitral/tufted (MT) cells appear to project throughout the cortex without any clear topographical relationship to their glomeruli of origin [9,34,35,36,37] (Figure 1b). Although this does not rule out the possibility of some fine-scale topographical mapping of OB projections ...
... In PCx, afferents from mitral/tufted (MT) cells appear to project throughout the cortex without any clear topographical relationship to their glomeruli of origin [9,34,35,36,37] (Figure 1b). Although this does not rule out the possibility of some fine-scale topographical mapping of OB projections ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
... commences on embryonic day (E) 22. Progressively more superficial layers are generated over the following five weeks, with genesis of layers II/III not completed until postnatal day (P) 14; the exception to this is layer I, which is generated both early and late (not shown)163. A similar progression ...
... commences on embryonic day (E) 22. Progressively more superficial layers are generated over the following five weeks, with genesis of layers II/III not completed until postnatal day (P) 14; the exception to this is layer I, which is generated both early and late (not shown)163. A similar progression ...
development and plasticity of cortical areas and networks
... commences on embryonic day (E) 22. Progressively more superficial layers are generated over the following five weeks, with genesis of layers II/III not completed until postnatal day (P) 14; the exception to this is layer I, which is generated both early and late (not shown)163. A similar progression ...
... commences on embryonic day (E) 22. Progressively more superficial layers are generated over the following five weeks, with genesis of layers II/III not completed until postnatal day (P) 14; the exception to this is layer I, which is generated both early and late (not shown)163. A similar progression ...
The Neural Architecture Underlying Habit Learning: An Evolving
... When I began to study the brain, as a student in the late 1960's, there was enormous excitement about work on the neocortex. Surely this was the organ of thought and creativity, the organ underlying our ability to see and hear and feel, our ability to act deliberatively, to do mathematics. And, buil ...
... When I began to study the brain, as a student in the late 1960's, there was enormous excitement about work on the neocortex. Surely this was the organ of thought and creativity, the organ underlying our ability to see and hear and feel, our ability to act deliberatively, to do mathematics. And, buil ...
Comparison of Quantities: Core and Format
... et al. 2010). Whereas in an analogue stimulus the magnitude is a perceptually accessible aspect of the stimulus, in a symbolic stimulus the magnitude being coded is independent from physical characteristics. For example, 3 dots and the Arabic digit ‘‘3’’ both implement the notion of 3 but the visual ...
... et al. 2010). Whereas in an analogue stimulus the magnitude is a perceptually accessible aspect of the stimulus, in a symbolic stimulus the magnitude being coded is independent from physical characteristics. For example, 3 dots and the Arabic digit ‘‘3’’ both implement the notion of 3 but the visual ...
Fractionation of social brain circuits in autism
... Figure 1 Areas of the ‘social brain’. A set of brain regions are commonly co-activated across a range of social tasks: the medial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate/precuneus, the amygdala and anterior hippocampus, the anterior temporal lobes, the posterior superior temporal ...
... Figure 1 Areas of the ‘social brain’. A set of brain regions are commonly co-activated across a range of social tasks: the medial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate/precuneus, the amygdala and anterior hippocampus, the anterior temporal lobes, the posterior superior temporal ...
6.Lecture-664 - iLab! - University of Southern California
... Our current representation of hand state defines a 7-dimensional trajectory F(t) with the following components F(t) = (d(t), v(t), a(t), o1(t), o2(t), o3(t), o4(t)): d(t): distance to target at time t v(t): tangential velocity of the wrist a(t): Aperture of the virtual fingers involved in grasping a ...
... Our current representation of hand state defines a 7-dimensional trajectory F(t) with the following components F(t) = (d(t), v(t), a(t), o1(t), o2(t), o3(t), o4(t)): d(t): distance to target at time t v(t): tangential velocity of the wrist a(t): Aperture of the virtual fingers involved in grasping a ...
Parkinsonian Treatments and L-Dopa vs. D
... concentrations in the lesioned striata area, there was a significant increase in dopamine metabolites, which concludes that some form of extraneuronal form of dopamine was present. This suggest that DDopa can be converted to dopamine in a striatum that is devoid of dopamine nerve terminals, and that ...
... concentrations in the lesioned striata area, there was a significant increase in dopamine metabolites, which concludes that some form of extraneuronal form of dopamine was present. This suggest that DDopa can be converted to dopamine in a striatum that is devoid of dopamine nerve terminals, and that ...
Large brains and cognition: Where do elephants fit in?
... and, of course, humans. Where elephants do appear to excel is in long-term, extensive spatial-temporal and social memory. Elephants also appear to be unusual among non-human animals in exhibiting behaviors that could potentially be related to ‘‘theory-of-mind’’ phenomena, particularly with regard to ...
... and, of course, humans. Where elephants do appear to excel is in long-term, extensive spatial-temporal and social memory. Elephants also appear to be unusual among non-human animals in exhibiting behaviors that could potentially be related to ‘‘theory-of-mind’’ phenomena, particularly with regard to ...
The Effect of Movement Rate and Complexity on
... In contrast to M1, S1, and Cb, the effect of upper extremity movement rate is less robust in the premotor and supplemental motor areas (PMA and SMA). Instead, these structures may be sensitive to changes in task complexity. At least two studies have shown no change in activity in the PMA and SMA wit ...
... In contrast to M1, S1, and Cb, the effect of upper extremity movement rate is less robust in the premotor and supplemental motor areas (PMA and SMA). Instead, these structures may be sensitive to changes in task complexity. At least two studies have shown no change in activity in the PMA and SMA wit ...
WHEN THE visual cortex in the occipital lobe is electrically
... essentially colourless ('white' or 'yellowish'). In both, most of the one hour study time was consumed attempting to find lower threshold sites, and so few psychophysical details were obtained. However, in one case, interleaved stimulation of two sites 0.9mm apart, each of which produced a 'tiny, wh ...
... essentially colourless ('white' or 'yellowish'). In both, most of the one hour study time was consumed attempting to find lower threshold sites, and so few psychophysical details were obtained. However, in one case, interleaved stimulation of two sites 0.9mm apart, each of which produced a 'tiny, wh ...
Planning and problem solving: from neuropsychology to
... Kammer, 2003). The prefrontal cortex receives input projections from other neocortical areas, especially from parietal and inferotemporal regions. Most of these connections are topographical and reciprocal. The prefrontal cortex also receives information from the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex, t ...
... Kammer, 2003). The prefrontal cortex receives input projections from other neocortical areas, especially from parietal and inferotemporal regions. Most of these connections are topographical and reciprocal. The prefrontal cortex also receives information from the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex, t ...
Locus coeruleus - Rice CAAM Department
... The neuromelanin is formed by the polymerization of noradrenaline and is analogous to the black dopamine-based neuromelanin in the substantia nigra. In adult humans (19-78) the locus coeruleus has 22,000 to 51,000 total pigmented neurons that range in size between 31,000 to 60, 000 μm3.[4] ...
... The neuromelanin is formed by the polymerization of noradrenaline and is analogous to the black dopamine-based neuromelanin in the substantia nigra. In adult humans (19-78) the locus coeruleus has 22,000 to 51,000 total pigmented neurons that range in size between 31,000 to 60, 000 μm3.[4] ...
Materials and Methods
... Learning and memory of animals were evaluated using Morris Water Maze (MWM) test (Vorhees and Williams 2006). Animal performance in MWM has been associated with long-term potentiation and NMDA receptor function (Morris et al. 1986, 1998), because of which it is commonly used as an essential test for ...
... Learning and memory of animals were evaluated using Morris Water Maze (MWM) test (Vorhees and Williams 2006). Animal performance in MWM has been associated with long-term potentiation and NMDA receptor function (Morris et al. 1986, 1998), because of which it is commonly used as an essential test for ...
May 30, 04copy.doc
... Sensory Deprivation and GABA A Receptors Effects of sensory deprivation on GABAergic cortical circuitry have been widely studied. Pioneer studies on the adult monkey’s visual system showed that depriving visual input from one eye results in decreases of both GABA and its synthesizing enzyme GAD in t ...
... Sensory Deprivation and GABA A Receptors Effects of sensory deprivation on GABAergic cortical circuitry have been widely studied. Pioneer studies on the adult monkey’s visual system showed that depriving visual input from one eye results in decreases of both GABA and its synthesizing enzyme GAD in t ...
Prediction error for free monetary reward in the human prefrontal
... (Goldman-Rakic et al., 1992; Lidow et al., 1991; Sawaguchi and Goldman-Rakic, 1991), the premotor cortex (Sawaguchi, 1997), and the striatum (Hassani et al., 2001; Hikosaka et al., 1989; Lauwereyns et al., 2002) contain neurons in which task-related activity is altered when the goals of the task are ...
... (Goldman-Rakic et al., 1992; Lidow et al., 1991; Sawaguchi and Goldman-Rakic, 1991), the premotor cortex (Sawaguchi, 1997), and the striatum (Hassani et al., 2001; Hikosaka et al., 1989; Lauwereyns et al., 2002) contain neurons in which task-related activity is altered when the goals of the task are ...
CNS – composed of the brain and spinal cord Cephalization
... Located below the thalamus, it caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle ...
... Located below the thalamus, it caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle ...
Lecture 8 - EdUHK Moodle
... 3. Reticular formation: area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond – responsible for selective attention 4. Cerebellum: part of the lower brain located behind the pons – controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement ...
... 3. Reticular formation: area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond – responsible for selective attention 4. Cerebellum: part of the lower brain located behind the pons – controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.