Neuronal fiber tracts connecting the brain and ventral nerve cord of
... Many aspects of insect behavior entail stereotyped sequences of movement that are controlled by neuronal circuits, called central pattern generators (CPGs; Marder et al., 2005). CPGs are located in the ventral nerve cord (CPGs controlling behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) ...
... Many aspects of insect behavior entail stereotyped sequences of movement that are controlled by neuronal circuits, called central pattern generators (CPGs; Marder et al., 2005). CPGs are located in the ventral nerve cord (CPGs controlling behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) ...
What We Know and Do Not Know about the Functions of the
... gets to choose one. One of the stimuli, if chosen, yields a reward (illustrated here as the cherries), whereas the other stimulus yields either an aversive outcome or simply the absence of reward (no cherries). During the acquisition phase, the subject learns to discriminate between the two stimuli, ...
... gets to choose one. One of the stimuli, if chosen, yields a reward (illustrated here as the cherries), whereas the other stimulus yields either an aversive outcome or simply the absence of reward (no cherries). During the acquisition phase, the subject learns to discriminate between the two stimuli, ...
May 11, 04copy.doc
... Sensory Deprivation and GABA A Receptors Effects of sensory deprivation on GABAergic cortical circuitry have been widely studied. Pioneer studies on the adult monkey’s visual system showed that depriving visual input from one eye results in decreases of both GABA and its synthesizing enzyme GAD in t ...
... Sensory Deprivation and GABA A Receptors Effects of sensory deprivation on GABAergic cortical circuitry have been widely studied. Pioneer studies on the adult monkey’s visual system showed that depriving visual input from one eye results in decreases of both GABA and its synthesizing enzyme GAD in t ...
Cortical afferents to the smooth-pursuit region of the macaque
... Abstract In primates, the frontal eye field (FEF) contains separate representations of saccadic and smoothpursuit eye movements. The smooth-pursuit region (FEFsem) in macaque monkeys lies principally in the fundus and deep posterior wall of the arcuate sulcus, between the FEF saccade region (FEFsac) ...
... Abstract In primates, the frontal eye field (FEF) contains separate representations of saccadic and smoothpursuit eye movements. The smooth-pursuit region (FEFsem) in macaque monkeys lies principally in the fundus and deep posterior wall of the arcuate sulcus, between the FEF saccade region (FEFsac) ...
Neural Basis of Visually Guided Head Movements Studied With fMRI
... et al. 1997). Performing eye movements leads to BOLD signal increases in a cortical network consisting of areas in the precentral sulcus (frontal eye fields, FEF), in the medial superior frontal cortex (supplementary eye fields, SEF), in the intraparietal sulcus (parietal eye fields, PEF), in the pr ...
... et al. 1997). Performing eye movements leads to BOLD signal increases in a cortical network consisting of areas in the precentral sulcus (frontal eye fields, FEF), in the medial superior frontal cortex (supplementary eye fields, SEF), in the intraparietal sulcus (parietal eye fields, PEF), in the pr ...
INTRAANALYZER CONDITIONED REFLEX PROPERTIES OF TWO
... of a signal stimulus. Interconnected activity was intensified between closely spaced neurons and those spaced a t tens and hundreds of microns. However, the development of conditioned inhibition was marked by a n especially high level in the interaction of closely spaced neurons and a considerable ...
... of a signal stimulus. Interconnected activity was intensified between closely spaced neurons and those spaced a t tens and hundreds of microns. However, the development of conditioned inhibition was marked by a n especially high level in the interaction of closely spaced neurons and a considerable ...
pdf
... humans (19) and has been found to be associated with auditory attention (1, 20, 41) resulting in top-down modulation of auditory processing (25). This finding was further confirmed by electrophysiological data indicating that tinnitus might occur as the result of a dysfunction in the top-down inhibito ...
... humans (19) and has been found to be associated with auditory attention (1, 20, 41) resulting in top-down modulation of auditory processing (25). This finding was further confirmed by electrophysiological data indicating that tinnitus might occur as the result of a dysfunction in the top-down inhibito ...
Functional neuroanatomy of the primate isocortical motor system
... the macaque monkey have been published over the past century (Brodmann 1909; Vogt and Vogt 1919; von Bonin and Bailey 1947; Matelli et al. 1985; Barbas and Pandya 1987; Matelli et al. 1991). Most investigators agree that the primary motor cortex is homogeneous, whereas the rostrally adjoining agranu ...
... the macaque monkey have been published over the past century (Brodmann 1909; Vogt and Vogt 1919; von Bonin and Bailey 1947; Matelli et al. 1985; Barbas and Pandya 1987; Matelli et al. 1991). Most investigators agree that the primary motor cortex is homogeneous, whereas the rostrally adjoining agranu ...
psychology 2
... (thousandths of a second). At first the cell is resting; it then reaches threshold and an action potential is triggered. Afte r a brief hyperpolarization period, the cell returns to its resting potential. ...
... (thousandths of a second). At first the cell is resting; it then reaches threshold and an action potential is triggered. Afte r a brief hyperpolarization period, the cell returns to its resting potential. ...
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL
... predominantly related to structures involved in the regulation of motor activity, such as motor cortex, nigro-striatal system and cerebellar nuclei (65). In contrast, the medioventral FAC region via the medial MD segment is related to the structures of the limbic system i.e., the cingular and insula ...
... predominantly related to structures involved in the regulation of motor activity, such as motor cortex, nigro-striatal system and cerebellar nuclei (65). In contrast, the medioventral FAC region via the medial MD segment is related to the structures of the limbic system i.e., the cingular and insula ...
Paraneoplastic Antigen-Like 5 Gene (PNMA5) Is
... of somatosensory and visuospatial (Friedman et al. 1986; Andersen 1989), auditory (Leinonen et al. 1980; Galaburda and Pandya 1983), polysensory (Bruce et al. 1981; Baylis et al. 1987), and memory processes (Van Hoesen 1982). These structures influence perception, cognition, or behavior in part throu ...
... of somatosensory and visuospatial (Friedman et al. 1986; Andersen 1989), auditory (Leinonen et al. 1980; Galaburda and Pandya 1983), polysensory (Bruce et al. 1981; Baylis et al. 1987), and memory processes (Van Hoesen 1982). These structures influence perception, cognition, or behavior in part throu ...
Limbic System
... shown in the projection map in the upper right, while the cell cluster itself is shown at greater magnification in the lower right. Note the presence of neurons lying on the border of, or embedded within, the anterior commissure and internal capsule. This diffuse layer of cells ventral to the globus ...
... shown in the projection map in the upper right, while the cell cluster itself is shown at greater magnification in the lower right. Note the presence of neurons lying on the border of, or embedded within, the anterior commissure and internal capsule. This diffuse layer of cells ventral to the globus ...
The Constructive Nature of Visual Processing
... from background (see Chapter 27). The highest level involves object recognition (see Chapter 28). Once a scene has been parsed by the brain and objects recognized, the objects can be matched with memories of shapes and their associated meanings. Vision also has an important role in guiding body move ...
... from background (see Chapter 27). The highest level involves object recognition (see Chapter 28). Once a scene has been parsed by the brain and objects recognized, the objects can be matched with memories of shapes and their associated meanings. Vision also has an important role in guiding body move ...
Nerve activates contraction
... interventricular foramen 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle subarachnoid space & central canal of SC ...
... interventricular foramen 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle subarachnoid space & central canal of SC ...
Nerve activates contraction
... interventricular foramen 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle subarachnoid space & central canal of SC ...
... interventricular foramen 3rd ventricle cerebral aqueduct 4th ventricle subarachnoid space & central canal of SC ...
Selective visual attention and perceptual coherence
... topography, and feature selectivity is somewhat diminished [41–43]. LIP has been shown to represent both voluntary and stimulus-driven contributions to attentional priority. A rapid ‘on-response’ is observed when a stimulus is flashed within the RF of an LIP neuron; this response reflects the stimul ...
... topography, and feature selectivity is somewhat diminished [41–43]. LIP has been shown to represent both voluntary and stimulus-driven contributions to attentional priority. A rapid ‘on-response’ is observed when a stimulus is flashed within the RF of an LIP neuron; this response reflects the stimul ...
Life: The Science of Biology, 8e
... Cerebral hemispheres are dominant in mammals. Cerebral cortex – a sheet of gray matter covering each hemisphere that is convoluted to fit into the skull. • Gyri: (sing. gyrus) ridges of the cortex. • Sulci: (sing. sulcus) valleys of the cortex. ...
... Cerebral hemispheres are dominant in mammals. Cerebral cortex – a sheet of gray matter covering each hemisphere that is convoluted to fit into the skull. • Gyri: (sing. gyrus) ridges of the cortex. • Sulci: (sing. sulcus) valleys of the cortex. ...
Hemispheric asymmetries of cortical volume in the human brain
... heteromodal association cortices. Heteromodal inferoparietal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices are more extensive in the right than left hemisphere. By contrast, mesial and orbital prefrontal and cingulate cortices are more extensive in the left than right hemisphere. These asymmetries closely p ...
... heteromodal association cortices. Heteromodal inferoparietal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices are more extensive in the right than left hemisphere. By contrast, mesial and orbital prefrontal and cingulate cortices are more extensive in the left than right hemisphere. These asymmetries closely p ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.