Lecture 8 - EdUHK Moodle
... 3. Reticular formation: area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond – responsible for selective attention 4. Cerebellum: part of the lower brain located behind the pons – controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement ...
... 3. Reticular formation: area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond – responsible for selective attention 4. Cerebellum: part of the lower brain located behind the pons – controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement ...
Current Challenges Facing the Translation of Brain
... et al., 2012) when compared to natural reaching movements. Thus, the ability to use a goal-tuned unit in posterior parietal cortex as a control source for decoding intent using motor imagery could serve as an informative alternative to decoders focused on motor cortex. There are several additional c ...
... et al., 2012) when compared to natural reaching movements. Thus, the ability to use a goal-tuned unit in posterior parietal cortex as a control source for decoding intent using motor imagery could serve as an informative alternative to decoders focused on motor cortex. There are several additional c ...
Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization
... computations occurring in a given area for the complex neuronal network within which it is embedded can be explored, in monkeys, by observing the consequences on cognitive/behavioural function of removal or disconnection of the particular area or manipulations of its neurotransmitter activity. There ...
... computations occurring in a given area for the complex neuronal network within which it is embedded can be explored, in monkeys, by observing the consequences on cognitive/behavioural function of removal or disconnection of the particular area or manipulations of its neurotransmitter activity. There ...
Motor learning in man: A review of functional and clinical studies
... (PET) Toni and Passingham (1999) studied the neural network involved in the acquisition of an arbitrary visuomotor conditional task. Subjects were requested to associate different visual patterns with different finger movements. Results indicate activation patterns in the ventral, prefrontal and extras ...
... (PET) Toni and Passingham (1999) studied the neural network involved in the acquisition of an arbitrary visuomotor conditional task. Subjects were requested to associate different visual patterns with different finger movements. Results indicate activation patterns in the ventral, prefrontal and extras ...
Cortical remodelling induced by activity of ventral tegmental
... region (collectively called non-AI pairs; data not shown). In general, correlation strengths decreased as a regular function of cortical distance for both AI and non-AI pairs. VTA/tone-pairing did not change the correlation±distance function of AI pairs, but resulted in a strong increase in the corr ...
... region (collectively called non-AI pairs; data not shown). In general, correlation strengths decreased as a regular function of cortical distance for both AI and non-AI pairs. VTA/tone-pairing did not change the correlation±distance function of AI pairs, but resulted in a strong increase in the corr ...
BioCapture™ : Acquiring EEG data Quick Notes
... These patterns have particular frequency ranges and are associated with different states of brain function (e.g., waking and various levels of sleep). These patterns represent synchronized activity over a network of neurons. Delta waves are the slowest of the known EEG frequencies—no faster than 4 H ...
... These patterns have particular frequency ranges and are associated with different states of brain function (e.g., waking and various levels of sleep). These patterns represent synchronized activity over a network of neurons. Delta waves are the slowest of the known EEG frequencies—no faster than 4 H ...
Chib et al., 2009 - Rangel Neuroeconomics Laboratory
... is an input to the decision process, whereas outcome and anticipatory values reflect the outcome of a decision process. Despite the identification of different types of value signals, it is still unknown whether the brain recruits distinct or overlapping regions to represent the DVs of different goo ...
... is an input to the decision process, whereas outcome and anticipatory values reflect the outcome of a decision process. Despite the identification of different types of value signals, it is still unknown whether the brain recruits distinct or overlapping regions to represent the DVs of different goo ...
Grasping the Intentions of Others with One`s Own Mirror Neuron
... in largely similar cortical areas, with the notable exceptions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region and inferior parietal lobule. The STS region is known to respond to biological motion [28,29], and the absence of the grasping action in the Context condition explains the lack of increased si ...
... in largely similar cortical areas, with the notable exceptions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region and inferior parietal lobule. The STS region is known to respond to biological motion [28,29], and the absence of the grasping action in the Context condition explains the lack of increased si ...
Predicting Activation Across Individuals with Resting
... D is a diagonal normalization matrix such that di = D(i, i) = j w(i, j) is the strength of node i. The eigenvectors of the transition matrix scaled by their eigenvalues (λt ) define an embedding that results in a representation of each voxel as a point in the embedding space: i → Φi [10] (where t is ...
... D is a diagonal normalization matrix such that di = D(i, i) = j w(i, j) is the strength of node i. The eigenvectors of the transition matrix scaled by their eigenvalues (λt ) define an embedding that results in a representation of each voxel as a point in the embedding space: i → Φi [10] (where t is ...
Cortical Connectivity Suggests a Role in Limb
... animals were secured to a stereotaxic frame, and the dorsal surface of the superior parietal lobule was exposed. Injection sites were selected by direct visualization of the cortex and were assigned to areas after histological examination of postmortem material. Surgical procedures took place in sta ...
... animals were secured to a stereotaxic frame, and the dorsal surface of the superior parietal lobule was exposed. Injection sites were selected by direct visualization of the cortex and were assigned to areas after histological examination of postmortem material. Surgical procedures took place in sta ...
Mutations affecting the development of the embryonic zebrafish brain
... 1). The general features of identified brain mutants are described in Table 1. Mutants can be broadly classified into two groups, one affected in regionalization along the anteriorposterior or dorsal-ventral axis of the neuroectoderm, and the other affected in general morphological features of the b ...
... 1). The general features of identified brain mutants are described in Table 1. Mutants can be broadly classified into two groups, one affected in regionalization along the anteriorposterior or dorsal-ventral axis of the neuroectoderm, and the other affected in general morphological features of the b ...
Relation Extraction from Biomedical Literature with Minimal
... In the AD brain, decreased BDNF protein levels were reported in hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and temporal neocortex, while no changes were observed in areas less affected by the disease, such as the frontal, parietal, and cerebellar cortices. ...
... In the AD brain, decreased BDNF protein levels were reported in hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and temporal neocortex, while no changes were observed in areas less affected by the disease, such as the frontal, parietal, and cerebellar cortices. ...
Cortical connections of the visuomotor parietooccipital
... Cal, calcarine sulcus; Cin, cingulate sulcus; IOs, inferior-occipital sulcus; OTs, occipitotemporal sulcus; STs, superior temporal sulcus; Lat, lateral sulcus; Cs, central sulcus; ARs, superior arcuate sulcus; ARi, inferior arcuate sulcus; Ps, principal sulcus; areas V6, V6Ad, V6Av, PEc, PE, MIP, PE ...
... Cal, calcarine sulcus; Cin, cingulate sulcus; IOs, inferior-occipital sulcus; OTs, occipitotemporal sulcus; STs, superior temporal sulcus; Lat, lateral sulcus; Cs, central sulcus; ARs, superior arcuate sulcus; ARi, inferior arcuate sulcus; Ps, principal sulcus; areas V6, V6Ad, V6Av, PEc, PE, MIP, PE ...
actively spiking compared with non-spiking human epileptic
... aspartic acid produces both seizures and morphological changes in the hippocampus which were qualitatively similar to the changes observed in temporal lobe of epileptic patients. Similarly, Piredda and Gale' have recently demonstrated the ability of aspartic acid to induce bilateral motor seizures w ...
... aspartic acid produces both seizures and morphological changes in the hippocampus which were qualitatively similar to the changes observed in temporal lobe of epileptic patients. Similarly, Piredda and Gale' have recently demonstrated the ability of aspartic acid to induce bilateral motor seizures w ...
A double-dissociation of English past
... is bene®cial when no alternatives are available, the interpretation of their outcomes can be far from straightforward (see Marslen-Wilson and Tyler, 1998). The study reported here employed a production paradigm, which mirrors the `natural' generation of the in¯ected forms and embodies precisely the ...
... is bene®cial when no alternatives are available, the interpretation of their outcomes can be far from straightforward (see Marslen-Wilson and Tyler, 1998). The study reported here employed a production paradigm, which mirrors the `natural' generation of the in¯ected forms and embodies precisely the ...
Cerebral Cortex
... Involves articulation of speech. In damage, comprehension of speech in unimpaired. Wernicke’s area: Involves language comprehension. In damage, language comprehension is destroyed. Speech is rapid without any meaning. Angular gyrus: Center of integration of auditory, visual, and somatest ...
... Involves articulation of speech. In damage, comprehension of speech in unimpaired. Wernicke’s area: Involves language comprehension. In damage, language comprehension is destroyed. Speech is rapid without any meaning. Angular gyrus: Center of integration of auditory, visual, and somatest ...
Review The Neural Basis of Perceptual Learning
... viewed in Gilbert, 1994). The expectation that the effects of perceptual learning will aid in the localization of the process of discrimination and the mechanism of learning within the visual system rests on this specificity. Specificity in learning for position in visual space and for the orientati ...
... viewed in Gilbert, 1994). The expectation that the effects of perceptual learning will aid in the localization of the process of discrimination and the mechanism of learning within the visual system rests on this specificity. Specificity in learning for position in visual space and for the orientati ...
Ch. 3–Biological Basis of Behavior PPT
... Describe the parts of the nervous system /endocrine system/brain activated in this situation and what they are doing in Crazy Eddie’s body: Crazy Eddie, the professional wrestler, is in the ring wrestling. The crowd is yelling and his opponent is taunting him. Eddie yells back at his opponent. The t ...
... Describe the parts of the nervous system /endocrine system/brain activated in this situation and what they are doing in Crazy Eddie’s body: Crazy Eddie, the professional wrestler, is in the ring wrestling. The crowd is yelling and his opponent is taunting him. Eddie yells back at his opponent. The t ...
19 TROCHLEAR NUCLEUS (C.N. IV)
... proper, contains preganglionic parasympathetic (visceromotor) neurons whose axons end in the ciliary ganglion. Short postganglionic parasympathetic axons then pass from the ciliary ganglion to the sphincter pupillae of the iris and the ciliary muscles of the eye (for changing shape of lens in accomm ...
... proper, contains preganglionic parasympathetic (visceromotor) neurons whose axons end in the ciliary ganglion. Short postganglionic parasympathetic axons then pass from the ciliary ganglion to the sphincter pupillae of the iris and the ciliary muscles of the eye (for changing shape of lens in accomm ...
Ch 49
... convoluted surface called the neocortex, which was previously thought to be required for cognition • Cognition is the perception and reasoning that form knowledge ...
... convoluted surface called the neocortex, which was previously thought to be required for cognition • Cognition is the perception and reasoning that form knowledge ...
video slide - Welcome to HCC Southeast Commons
... convoluted surface called the neocortex, which was previously thought to be required for cognition • Cognition is the perception and reasoning that form knowledge ...
... convoluted surface called the neocortex, which was previously thought to be required for cognition • Cognition is the perception and reasoning that form knowledge ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.