Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat
... sometimes crossed into other sensory cortices identified by cytochrome oxidase staining. Thus, radiations of long horizontal axons indeed have the spatial characteristics necessary to explain horizontal activity spreads. These axons may contribute to multimodal cortical responses and various forms o ...
... sometimes crossed into other sensory cortices identified by cytochrome oxidase staining. Thus, radiations of long horizontal axons indeed have the spatial characteristics necessary to explain horizontal activity spreads. These axons may contribute to multimodal cortical responses and various forms o ...
Neural networks underlying parietal lobe seizures: A
... Summary In this study we have quantified the ‘‘epileptogenicity’’ of several brain regions in seizures originating in the posterior parietal cortex in 17 patients investigated by intracerebral recordings using stereotactic EEG (SEEG). Epileptogenicity of brain structures was quantified according to th ...
... Summary In this study we have quantified the ‘‘epileptogenicity’’ of several brain regions in seizures originating in the posterior parietal cortex in 17 patients investigated by intracerebral recordings using stereotactic EEG (SEEG). Epileptogenicity of brain structures was quantified according to th ...
Predicting functional neuroanatomical maps from fusing
... A central aim, from basic neuroscience to psychiatry, is to resolve how genes control brain circuitry and behavior. This is experimentally hard, since most brain functions and behaviors are controlled by multiple genes. In low throughput, one gene at a time, experiments, it is therefore difficult to ...
... A central aim, from basic neuroscience to psychiatry, is to resolve how genes control brain circuitry and behavior. This is experimentally hard, since most brain functions and behaviors are controlled by multiple genes. In low throughput, one gene at a time, experiments, it is therefore difficult to ...
Deficient Fear Conditioning in Psychopathy
... with paired presentations of CS⫹ and US and 16 trials of CS− alone), and extinction (like habituation) that occurred successively. The CS was presented for 7.05 seconds; the US (painful pressure) lasted for 10 milliseconds and was terminated together with the CS⫹. The US was applied using a plastic ...
... with paired presentations of CS⫹ and US and 16 trials of CS− alone), and extinction (like habituation) that occurred successively. The CS was presented for 7.05 seconds; the US (painful pressure) lasted for 10 milliseconds and was terminated together with the CS⫹. The US was applied using a plastic ...
Reflections on agranular architecture: predictive coding in the motor
... equations describing the neuronal dynamics implied by generalised predictive coding (e.g., Equation 3 in [30]). Note the hierarchical structure: predictive coding involves recursive interactions among an arbitrary number of hierarchical levels, of which just one, level (i), is shown in full here. Th ...
... equations describing the neuronal dynamics implied by generalised predictive coding (e.g., Equation 3 in [30]). Note the hierarchical structure: predictive coding involves recursive interactions among an arbitrary number of hierarchical levels, of which just one, level (i), is shown in full here. Th ...
Beyond the classical receptive field: The effect of contextual stimuli
... perception of patterns would be produced in the brain. In their study, they set out to demonstrate an isomorphic shape correlate of pattern vision (see the review by Wurtz, 2009), but what was missing at the time was an appropriate technology for recording interpretable brain signals that could lead ...
... perception of patterns would be produced in the brain. In their study, they set out to demonstrate an isomorphic shape correlate of pattern vision (see the review by Wurtz, 2009), but what was missing at the time was an appropriate technology for recording interpretable brain signals that could lead ...
Integrative actions of the reticular formation The reticular activating
... wealth of fibres travelling in all directions. ...
... wealth of fibres travelling in all directions. ...
Distinct Mechanisms for Processing Spatial Sequences and Pitch
... before further processing of those specific attributes in distinct cortical areas (Griffiths and Warren, 2002). PT is a large region of auditory association cortex, occupying the superior temporal plane posterior to Heschl’s gyrus (HG) (Westbury et al., 1999). PT is involved in processing many diffe ...
... before further processing of those specific attributes in distinct cortical areas (Griffiths and Warren, 2002). PT is a large region of auditory association cortex, occupying the superior temporal plane posterior to Heschl’s gyrus (HG) (Westbury et al., 1999). PT is involved in processing many diffe ...
Neurobiology of injury to the developing brain.
... 200025, P.R. China Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group Stark Neurosciences Research Institute and Department of Neurological Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A. ...
... 200025, P.R. China Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group Stark Neurosciences Research Institute and Department of Neurological Surgery Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A. ...
Cytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide in the regulation of stress
... resistance [21]. Disruption of the GC-mediated negative feedback system is observed in approximately one half of human depressives [23]. Chronic stress can precipitate or exacerbate neuropsychiatric disorders. Altered glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in stress-sensitive structures of the brain are inv ...
... resistance [21]. Disruption of the GC-mediated negative feedback system is observed in approximately one half of human depressives [23]. Chronic stress can precipitate or exacerbate neuropsychiatric disorders. Altered glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in stress-sensitive structures of the brain are inv ...
Patterns of sensory intermodality relationships in the cerebral cortex
... (Sl) and area S2 are recognized by their typical myelin dense appearance (Fig. 1A). The border between these two areas was determined according to Nissl stain cytoarchitecture (Welker, '71, '76; Welker and Sinha, '721, and by the lateral callosal band of labeling through which the border passed (Fig ...
... (Sl) and area S2 are recognized by their typical myelin dense appearance (Fig. 1A). The border between these two areas was determined according to Nissl stain cytoarchitecture (Welker, '71, '76; Welker and Sinha, '721, and by the lateral callosal band of labeling through which the border passed (Fig ...
The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks
... basal ganglia circuits. This comprises a series of parallel pathways. However, this model does not address how information flows between circuits thereby developing new learned behaviors (or actions) from a combination of inputs from emotional, cognitive, and motor cortical areas. Recent anatomical ...
... basal ganglia circuits. This comprises a series of parallel pathways. However, this model does not address how information flows between circuits thereby developing new learned behaviors (or actions) from a combination of inputs from emotional, cognitive, and motor cortical areas. Recent anatomical ...
Where is a Nose with Respect to a Foot? The Left
... suggesting that their deficit lies neither at the level of visual processing of isolated body parts, nor at the level of the semantic knowledge of the body. Recent accounts postulate that patients affected by autotopagnosia have a damaged visuospatial map which computes the spatial arrangement among ...
... suggesting that their deficit lies neither at the level of visual processing of isolated body parts, nor at the level of the semantic knowledge of the body. Recent accounts postulate that patients affected by autotopagnosia have a damaged visuospatial map which computes the spatial arrangement among ...
Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe
... Copyright © 2012 J. A. Kiernan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Only primates have temporal lobes, which are largest ...
... Copyright © 2012 J. A. Kiernan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Only primates have temporal lobes, which are largest ...
REVIEWS - Institute for Applied Psychometrics
... synapses. a | Shows an information-processing (IP) model of time perception8 implementing the scalar expectancy theory43. In the model, a dopaminergic pacemaker sends ‘pulses’ to an accumulator during the training period, and the number of pulses is stored in reference memory (which depends on the ‘ ...
... synapses. a | Shows an information-processing (IP) model of time perception8 implementing the scalar expectancy theory43. In the model, a dopaminergic pacemaker sends ‘pulses’ to an accumulator during the training period, and the number of pulses is stored in reference memory (which depends on the ‘ ...
19 CORTICAL PROJECTIONS FROM TWO PRESTRIATE AREAS IN
... the striate-prestriate boundary (region of representation of the vertical meridian in area 18). The arrow on the surface view of the brain points to the lesion. The diagrams show the degeneration following such a lesion. Neither this nor subsequent diagrams are intended to give a picture of the lami ...
... the striate-prestriate boundary (region of representation of the vertical meridian in area 18). The arrow on the surface view of the brain points to the lesion. The diagrams show the degeneration following such a lesion. Neither this nor subsequent diagrams are intended to give a picture of the lami ...
Structure of the Nervous System
... (outer layer) which forms a plate (~day 18) The edges of the plate curl and eventually fuse together forming a neural tube By ~day 28, the rostral end of the neural tube has formed the ventricles and the tissue that surrounds these hollow chambers has formed three major divisions of the brain ...
... (outer layer) which forms a plate (~day 18) The edges of the plate curl and eventually fuse together forming a neural tube By ~day 28, the rostral end of the neural tube has formed the ventricles and the tissue that surrounds these hollow chambers has formed three major divisions of the brain ...
Role of Cerebral Cortex in Voluntary Movements
... This work was supported in part by NIH grant NS16262 and NSF grant BNS-8216608. This paper was presented as part of the Motor Control instructional course at the Fifty-Ninth Annual Conference of the American Physical Therapy ...
... This work was supported in part by NIH grant NS16262 and NSF grant BNS-8216608. This paper was presented as part of the Motor Control instructional course at the Fifty-Ninth Annual Conference of the American Physical Therapy ...
The neural basis of the speed–accuracy tradeoff - Eric
... In mathematical models of decision making, an increase of the baseline and reduction of the threshold are often assumed to be equivalent (Figure 2). However, as discussed below, human brain-imaging studies and neurophysiological recordings may provide an answer to the question of whether in the brai ...
... In mathematical models of decision making, an increase of the baseline and reduction of the threshold are often assumed to be equivalent (Figure 2). However, as discussed below, human brain-imaging studies and neurophysiological recordings may provide an answer to the question of whether in the brai ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.