Axon
... • End of axon adjacent to synapse • Synapse where neuron communicates with another cell • Presynaptic cell and postsynaptic cell on either side ...
... • End of axon adjacent to synapse • Synapse where neuron communicates with another cell • Presynaptic cell and postsynaptic cell on either side ...
a Primer on the Brain and Nervous System
... Another part of the hindbrain is the cerebellum which, like the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres. The cerebellum’s two hemispheres help control movement and cognitive processes that require precise timing, and also play an important role in Pavlovian learning. The spinal cord is the extension of t ...
... Another part of the hindbrain is the cerebellum which, like the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres. The cerebellum’s two hemispheres help control movement and cognitive processes that require precise timing, and also play an important role in Pavlovian learning. The spinal cord is the extension of t ...
Mirroring others` emotions relates to empathy and
... What about the more general hypothesis that MNS may also play a significant role in social cognition? This issue remains rather controversial in the field. Some have championed a simulation theory of ‘mind reading’ grounded on mirroring mechanisms (Gallese, 2006; Gallese and Goldman, 1998; Keysers a ...
... What about the more general hypothesis that MNS may also play a significant role in social cognition? This issue remains rather controversial in the field. Some have championed a simulation theory of ‘mind reading’ grounded on mirroring mechanisms (Gallese, 2006; Gallese and Goldman, 1998; Keysers a ...
BrainFacts.org A P R I M E R ...
... Another part of the hindbrain is the cerebellum which, like the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres. The cerebellum’s two hemispheres help control movement and cognitive processes that require precise timing, and also play an important role in Pavlovian learning. The spinal cord is the extension of t ...
... Another part of the hindbrain is the cerebellum which, like the cerebrum, also has two hemispheres. The cerebellum’s two hemispheres help control movement and cognitive processes that require precise timing, and also play an important role in Pavlovian learning. The spinal cord is the extension of t ...
Emo7onal decision‐making systems and their role in addic7on
... known to have short‐term “reinforcing effects” (but long‐term negative consequences) should be less likely or problematic for individuals scoring higher on tasks that assess this ability. ...
... known to have short‐term “reinforcing effects” (but long‐term negative consequences) should be less likely or problematic for individuals scoring higher on tasks that assess this ability. ...
Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms
... Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Orexin is a peptide neurotransmitter released in a pathway from the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus highly responsible for the ability to stay awake. – Stimulates acetylcholine-releasing cells in the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for wak ...
... Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Orexin is a peptide neurotransmitter released in a pathway from the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus highly responsible for the ability to stay awake. – Stimulates acetylcholine-releasing cells in the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for wak ...
Cetacean Brain Evolution: Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia sima) and
... In the giant sperm whale, the cerebellum and pons grow more slowly than in most smaller toothed whales and the pyramidal tract develops poorly whereas there is marked growth of the striatum and the inferior olivary complex [Oelschläger and Kemp, 1998]. In the early fetal period, the trigeminal, coch ...
... In the giant sperm whale, the cerebellum and pons grow more slowly than in most smaller toothed whales and the pyramidal tract develops poorly whereas there is marked growth of the striatum and the inferior olivary complex [Oelschläger and Kemp, 1998]. In the early fetal period, the trigeminal, coch ...
The posterior parietal cortex: Sensorimotor interface for the planning
... leftmost column shows 3 neurons that encode target and hand position separably, in eye coordinates. Each cell is tuned for a target location in the upper visual field but one responds to rightward position (the top cell), another center, and the third leftward (bottom cell). These cells are also tun ...
... leftmost column shows 3 neurons that encode target and hand position separably, in eye coordinates. Each cell is tuned for a target location in the upper visual field but one responds to rightward position (the top cell), another center, and the third leftward (bottom cell). These cells are also tun ...
Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms
... Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Orexin is a peptide neurotransmitter released in a pathway from the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus highly responsible for the ability to stay awake. – Stimulates acetylcholine-releasing cells in the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for wak ...
... Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms • Orexin is a peptide neurotransmitter released in a pathway from the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus highly responsible for the ability to stay awake. – Stimulates acetylcholine-releasing cells in the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for wak ...
Physiological Psychology - II Sem
... NERVOUS SYSTEM Nervous system The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit signals between different parts of its body. In most animals the nervous system consists of two parts, central and periph ...
... NERVOUS SYSTEM Nervous system The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit signals between different parts of its body. In most animals the nervous system consists of two parts, central and periph ...
Multimodality Imaging
... ischemic brain oxygenation. As such, it is ideal for combination studies in the MR scanner, for example. NIRS has only recently been used to investigate functional activation of the human cerebral cortex, although effort has begun to use imaging systems that allow the generation of images of a large ...
... ischemic brain oxygenation. As such, it is ideal for combination studies in the MR scanner, for example. NIRS has only recently been used to investigate functional activation of the human cerebral cortex, although effort has begun to use imaging systems that allow the generation of images of a large ...
Brain Research, 178 (1979) 363-380 363 © Elsevier/North
... of very large receptive fields in two regions. The first region was the most anterior part of IT (see Fig. 1C and D). Within this area 67 ~ of the 56 receptive fields were larger than 60 ° × 60 °. The second region with larger receptive fields was the dorsal part of IT, specifically, the floor of th ...
... of very large receptive fields in two regions. The first region was the most anterior part of IT (see Fig. 1C and D). Within this area 67 ~ of the 56 receptive fields were larger than 60 ° × 60 °. The second region with larger receptive fields was the dorsal part of IT, specifically, the floor of th ...
Broken Mirrors: A Theory of Autism
... must transform auditory signals in the hearing centers of the brain’s temporal lobes into verbal output from the motor cortex. Whether mirror neurons are directly involved in this skill is not known, but clearly some analogous process must be going on. Last, mirror neurons may enable humans to see t ...
... must transform auditory signals in the hearing centers of the brain’s temporal lobes into verbal output from the motor cortex. Whether mirror neurons are directly involved in this skill is not known, but clearly some analogous process must be going on. Last, mirror neurons may enable humans to see t ...
17. Pathways and Integrative Functions
... spinal cord, these axons ascend within a specific posterior funiculus, either the fasciculus cuneatus (kū ń ē-ā-tu ̆s; cuneus = wedge) or the fasciculus gracilis (gras ́i-lis). The fasciculus cuneatus houses axons from sensory neurons originating in the upper limbs, superior trunk, neck, and pos ...
... spinal cord, these axons ascend within a specific posterior funiculus, either the fasciculus cuneatus (kū ń ē-ā-tu ̆s; cuneus = wedge) or the fasciculus gracilis (gras ́i-lis). The fasciculus cuneatus houses axons from sensory neurons originating in the upper limbs, superior trunk, neck, and pos ...
memory systems in the brain
... way to indicate how different emotions could be produced and classified in terms of the rewards and punishments received, omitted, or terminated (Rolls 1999a). Rewards and punishers can be more formally defined as instrumental reinforcers, i.e. stimuli or events which, if their occurrence, terminati ...
... way to indicate how different emotions could be produced and classified in terms of the rewards and punishments received, omitted, or terminated (Rolls 1999a). Rewards and punishers can be more formally defined as instrumental reinforcers, i.e. stimuli or events which, if their occurrence, terminati ...
Towards the integration of neural mechanisms and cognition in
... neural circuits and the robot; it is the control interface and it implements how the neural activity is translated in actuation. The Neural lattice layer is the brain model and it is fairly composed by at least two sublayers: the neural circuits and the cognition. The neural circuits layer contains ...
... neural circuits and the robot; it is the control interface and it implements how the neural activity is translated in actuation. The Neural lattice layer is the brain model and it is fairly composed by at least two sublayers: the neural circuits and the cognition. The neural circuits layer contains ...
Molecular and anatomical signatures of sleep deprivation in the
... (SD) affects cognition, attention, memory, and emotional behaviors controlled by higher brain regions such as the neocortex, hippocampus, and amygdala (Yoo et al., 2007). There is evidence that specific anatomic areas are differentially activated by SD. Imaging studies have shown differential enhan ...
... (SD) affects cognition, attention, memory, and emotional behaviors controlled by higher brain regions such as the neocortex, hippocampus, and amygdala (Yoo et al., 2007). There is evidence that specific anatomic areas are differentially activated by SD. Imaging studies have shown differential enhan ...
Acetylcholinesterase in central vocal control nuclei of the zebra finch
... function relation combined with the changes in synaptic efficacy and neurochemical content constitutes a wellsuited model to elucidate neuronal correlates of learning and memory processes. The vocal repertoire in each case needs to be acquired. Once acquired it is either retained throughout life in ...
... function relation combined with the changes in synaptic efficacy and neurochemical content constitutes a wellsuited model to elucidate neuronal correlates of learning and memory processes. The vocal repertoire in each case needs to be acquired. Once acquired it is either retained throughout life in ...
Researchers inch closer to causes, cures for insomnia, narcolepsy
... proteins that sit on the outside of cells and how, but we believe streptococcus does help the immune system recognize the something.” Identifying the autoimmune response body’s own cells. In people with this variant, the reasoning goes, self-recognition trigger (or triggers) would still not answer m ...
... proteins that sit on the outside of cells and how, but we believe streptococcus does help the immune system recognize the something.” Identifying the autoimmune response body’s own cells. In people with this variant, the reasoning goes, self-recognition trigger (or triggers) would still not answer m ...
Neural networks underlying parietal lobe seizures: A
... Summary In this study we have quantified the ‘‘epileptogenicity’’ of several brain regions in seizures originating in the posterior parietal cortex in 17 patients investigated by intracerebral recordings using stereotactic EEG (SEEG). Epileptogenicity of brain structures was quantified according to th ...
... Summary In this study we have quantified the ‘‘epileptogenicity’’ of several brain regions in seizures originating in the posterior parietal cortex in 17 patients investigated by intracerebral recordings using stereotactic EEG (SEEG). Epileptogenicity of brain structures was quantified according to th ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.