Microcircuits in visual cortex Kevan AC Martin
... Schematic of connectivity within the orientation map of visual cortex. Optical recordings of intrinsic signals rendered in false color provide striking images of the tangential organization of the cortical orientation map. The maps are generated by presenting stimuli at different orientations and re ...
... Schematic of connectivity within the orientation map of visual cortex. Optical recordings of intrinsic signals rendered in false color provide striking images of the tangential organization of the cortical orientation map. The maps are generated by presenting stimuli at different orientations and re ...
H1 - Brian Whitworth
... – Left visual field (both eyes) --> Right Hemisphere – Right visual field (both eyes) --> Left Hemisphere ...
... – Left visual field (both eyes) --> Right Hemisphere – Right visual field (both eyes) --> Left Hemisphere ...
Visual areas and spatial summation in human visual cortex
... Functional MRI measurements can securely partition the human posterior occipital lobe into retinotopically organized visual areas (V1, V2 and V3) with experiments that last only 30 min. Methods for identifying functional areas in the dorsal and ventral aspect of the human occipital cortex, however, ...
... Functional MRI measurements can securely partition the human posterior occipital lobe into retinotopically organized visual areas (V1, V2 and V3) with experiments that last only 30 min. Methods for identifying functional areas in the dorsal and ventral aspect of the human occipital cortex, however, ...
Towards Detection of Brain Tumor in Electroencephalogram
... Around 50% of patients suffering from tumors are as well affected by seizures. Partial seizures are considered to be of the highest incidence, followed by seizures due to secondary generalization. The kind of seizure might differ with diverse histological subtypes, tumor location and extent. The fun ...
... Around 50% of patients suffering from tumors are as well affected by seizures. Partial seizures are considered to be of the highest incidence, followed by seizures due to secondary generalization. The kind of seizure might differ with diverse histological subtypes, tumor location and extent. The fun ...
Interactions Between Premotor and Motor Cortices in Non
... of the Hand? Anatomy of PMv-M1 Connections The cortico-cortical network highlighted by Jeannerod et al. (1995) represents an important route through which PMv can access the many corticofugal outputs from M1 to the brainstem and spinal cord that are concerned with hand control. These include the CM ...
... of the Hand? Anatomy of PMv-M1 Connections The cortico-cortical network highlighted by Jeannerod et al. (1995) represents an important route through which PMv can access the many corticofugal outputs from M1 to the brainstem and spinal cord that are concerned with hand control. These include the CM ...
Correlation between auditory threshold and the auditory brainstem
... 3.1 Histological changes in brainstem after hypoxic-ischemia Hypoxia- ischemia is an important injury that gives rise to damage in the inner ear and can develop many hearing disorders, such as sudden sensorineural hearing loss, presbyacusis and noise-induced hearing loss that are suspected to be rel ...
... 3.1 Histological changes in brainstem after hypoxic-ischemia Hypoxia- ischemia is an important injury that gives rise to damage in the inner ear and can develop many hearing disorders, such as sudden sensorineural hearing loss, presbyacusis and noise-induced hearing loss that are suspected to be rel ...
Neurons
... Simple behaviors, such as reflexes, may be controlled by activity in as few as two or three neurons—a sensory neuron, a motor neuron, and an interneuron in between, usually stimulating a single muscle – In humans, simple reflexes such as the knee-jerk or pain-withdrawal reflexes are produced by ne ...
... Simple behaviors, such as reflexes, may be controlled by activity in as few as two or three neurons—a sensory neuron, a motor neuron, and an interneuron in between, usually stimulating a single muscle – In humans, simple reflexes such as the knee-jerk or pain-withdrawal reflexes are produced by ne ...
The Integrated Nature of Motor Cortical Function
... and others 1998). This finding implies that there exist motor cortical circuits for the coordination of antagonistic muscles (see also Humphrey and Reed 1983). The spinal cord circuits impose a single coordination pattern between antagonistic muscles, reciprocal inhibition (Sherrington 1913; e.g., s ...
... and others 1998). This finding implies that there exist motor cortical circuits for the coordination of antagonistic muscles (see also Humphrey and Reed 1983). The spinal cord circuits impose a single coordination pattern between antagonistic muscles, reciprocal inhibition (Sherrington 1913; e.g., s ...
Temporal Plasticity Involved in Recovery from Manual Dexterity
... of manual dexterity after a lesion of M1. A focal lesion of the hand digit area in M1 was made by means of ibotenic acid injection. This lesion initially caused flaccid paralysis in the contralateral hand but was followed by functional recovery of hand movements, including precision grip, during the ...
... of manual dexterity after a lesion of M1. A focal lesion of the hand digit area in M1 was made by means of ibotenic acid injection. This lesion initially caused flaccid paralysis in the contralateral hand but was followed by functional recovery of hand movements, including precision grip, during the ...
Pioneers of cortical plasticity: six classic papers by Wiesel and Hubel
... In the first paper of the 1963 triple back-to-back series (Wiesel and Hubel 1963a), one eyelid of kittens was sutured closed just before eye opening. The kittens were reared in this monocularly deprived condition until they were 3 months old, at which time electrophysiological analyses of afferent r ...
... In the first paper of the 1963 triple back-to-back series (Wiesel and Hubel 1963a), one eyelid of kittens was sutured closed just before eye opening. The kittens were reared in this monocularly deprived condition until they were 3 months old, at which time electrophysiological analyses of afferent r ...
Cortical Maps - White Rose Research Online
... one might graph the excitation of one neuron by another against the distance that separates them in the tissue. Or an interaction may be described in terms of the functional relationships between neurons, as one might graph the correspondence between neurons as a function of the similarity of their ...
... one might graph the excitation of one neuron by another against the distance that separates them in the tissue. Or an interaction may be described in terms of the functional relationships between neurons, as one might graph the correspondence between neurons as a function of the similarity of their ...
New insights into the anatomo-functional connectivity of the
... were followed progressively from the cortical eloquent sites already mapped, to the depth of the resection. The patient had to continue to count or name when the resection became close to the subcortical language structures (including both white matter pathways and deep grey nuclei), which were also ...
... were followed progressively from the cortical eloquent sites already mapped, to the depth of the resection. The patient had to continue to count or name when the resection became close to the subcortical language structures (including both white matter pathways and deep grey nuclei), which were also ...
the cortical projection of the medial geniculate body
... superior, middle, and inferior gyri of the rabbit's temporal cortex. In the absence of any figure depicting the area of termination precisely, this statement must be taken to mean that all parts of the temporal area as defined histologically receive the geniculo-cortical fibres. Mettler (1935) belie ...
... superior, middle, and inferior gyri of the rabbit's temporal cortex. In the absence of any figure depicting the area of termination precisely, this statement must be taken to mean that all parts of the temporal area as defined histologically receive the geniculo-cortical fibres. Mettler (1935) belie ...
article in press - Department of Physiology, Development and
... the Bradley – Terry – Luce technique (David, 1988) which converts paired-comparison data into a relative perceptual scale—in this case a scale of Fspeechlikeness_. This technique requires that the stimulus set includes a reasonable diversity of perceptual conditions. We therefore constructed 14 diff ...
... the Bradley – Terry – Luce technique (David, 1988) which converts paired-comparison data into a relative perceptual scale—in this case a scale of Fspeechlikeness_. This technique requires that the stimulus set includes a reasonable diversity of perceptual conditions. We therefore constructed 14 diff ...
The Neuroscientist
... new approach to cognitive neuroscience that could complement traditional neuroimaging techniques by providing more causal insights into the functional role of circumscribed brain regions in behavior. Keywords real-time fMRI, BOLD, neurofeedback, self-regulation, operant learning Brain imaging in cog ...
... new approach to cognitive neuroscience that could complement traditional neuroimaging techniques by providing more causal insights into the functional role of circumscribed brain regions in behavior. Keywords real-time fMRI, BOLD, neurofeedback, self-regulation, operant learning Brain imaging in cog ...
Smell, Taste, Texture, and Temperature
... Five Prototypical Tastes, Including Umami. In the primary and secondary taste cortex, there are many neurons that respond best to each of the four classical prototypical tastes—sweet, salt, bitter, and sour5— but there are also many neurons that respond best to umami tastants such as glutamate (whi ...
... Five Prototypical Tastes, Including Umami. In the primary and secondary taste cortex, there are many neurons that respond best to each of the four classical prototypical tastes—sweet, salt, bitter, and sour5— but there are also many neurons that respond best to umami tastants such as glutamate (whi ...
Kandel ch. 42 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... muscle tone. It also markedly impairs motor learning and certain cognitive functions. In this chapter we first consider briefly the functional organization of the cerebellum into regions with different inputs and outputs. We then examine how these regions are connected to see how information is proc ...
... muscle tone. It also markedly impairs motor learning and certain cognitive functions. In this chapter we first consider briefly the functional organization of the cerebellum into regions with different inputs and outputs. We then examine how these regions are connected to see how information is proc ...
Schwartz
... performed between a region of interest (ROI) surrounding the IIS focus and the same region in the functional map with bin size equal to the size of a pixel. To obtain statistical significance, the ROI containing the focus was randomly shifted to 1000 locations over the functional maps. The correlati ...
... performed between a region of interest (ROI) surrounding the IIS focus and the same region in the functional map with bin size equal to the size of a pixel. To obtain statistical significance, the ROI containing the focus was randomly shifted to 1000 locations over the functional maps. The correlati ...
The Teen Brain on Marijuana
... Also, because it helps to control neuron activity, it plays a major role in brain wiring – that is, how brain cells “learn” whether to grow new synapses and connections to other neurons. The more active neurons are, the stronger their connections get (neurons that fire together, wire together). The ...
... Also, because it helps to control neuron activity, it plays a major role in brain wiring – that is, how brain cells “learn” whether to grow new synapses and connections to other neurons. The more active neurons are, the stronger their connections get (neurons that fire together, wire together). The ...
Contributions of temporal-parietal junction to the human
... behavioral studies of these same temporal-parietal patients have shown reduced orienting to distracting stimuli 17. Other investigators have reported that patients with anterograde memory deficits due to posterior association cortex or limbic pathology have reduced P3s 19'31. These findings suggest ...
... behavioral studies of these same temporal-parietal patients have shown reduced orienting to distracting stimuli 17. Other investigators have reported that patients with anterograde memory deficits due to posterior association cortex or limbic pathology have reduced P3s 19'31. These findings suggest ...
Does the End Justify the Means?
... i.e., the hand of the model choosing, grasping, and moving the Lego block (the means); or (c) the final stage of the action performed by the experimenter, i.e., the hand of the model leaving the Lego block that has been placed in its end state (the goal). The second factor corresponded to the subjec ...
... i.e., the hand of the model choosing, grasping, and moving the Lego block (the means); or (c) the final stage of the action performed by the experimenter, i.e., the hand of the model leaving the Lego block that has been placed in its end state (the goal). The second factor corresponded to the subjec ...
Visual pathway class..
... • We do not have a descriptive or mechanistic model that predicts response properties of downstream visual areas, or behavior. • A descriptive model would vastly transform technology: the primate visual system is far superior to anything that engineers can build. • A mechanistic model is the ultimat ...
... • We do not have a descriptive or mechanistic model that predicts response properties of downstream visual areas, or behavior. • A descriptive model would vastly transform technology: the primate visual system is far superior to anything that engineers can build. • A mechanistic model is the ultimat ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.