Visuomotor neurons: ambiguity of the discharge or `motor` perception?
... ŽMII. ŽFig. 1.. This functional description of the motor cortex was also supported by some neuroanatomical data: the frontal motor cortex is cytoarchitectonically characterized by an agranular structure with no clear-cut differences among its different sectors. Thus, the optimal criteria for the par ...
... ŽMII. ŽFig. 1.. This functional description of the motor cortex was also supported by some neuroanatomical data: the frontal motor cortex is cytoarchitectonically characterized by an agranular structure with no clear-cut differences among its different sectors. Thus, the optimal criteria for the par ...
Capturing Brain Dynamics: a combined neuroscience and
... • Saltatory propagation (in myelinated axon) Neuroengineering ...
... • Saltatory propagation (in myelinated axon) Neuroengineering ...
Ecological dominance, social competition, and coalitionary arms
... armor, speed, or size, at some point, they nonetheless may have begun achieving relative freedom from the traditional hostile forces of nature, perhaps even more so than our hominoid relatives, the gorillas and chimpanzees. The means by which hominins increased ecological dominance probably involved ...
... armor, speed, or size, at some point, they nonetheless may have begun achieving relative freedom from the traditional hostile forces of nature, perhaps even more so than our hominoid relatives, the gorillas and chimpanzees. The means by which hominins increased ecological dominance probably involved ...
Frontal Eye Fields - Psychological Sciences
... colliculus concentrated in the intermediate layers, a pathway through the basal ganglia via the ipsilateral striatum and subthalamic nucleus, and a projection to mesencephalic and pontine nuclei [1]. FEF is innervated by nuclei in the thalamus bordering the internal medullary lamina, mainly the late ...
... colliculus concentrated in the intermediate layers, a pathway through the basal ganglia via the ipsilateral striatum and subthalamic nucleus, and a projection to mesencephalic and pontine nuclei [1]. FEF is innervated by nuclei in the thalamus bordering the internal medullary lamina, mainly the late ...
Connection Patterns Distinguish 3 Regions of Human Parietal Cortex
... and others 1997), and on the basis of lesion and neuroimaging data, it has been argued that a similar functional region can be identified in the anterior lateral bank of the human IPS (Binkofski and others 1998; Binkofski, Buccino, Posse, and others 1999; Grefkes and others 2002; Shikata and others 2 ...
... and others 1997), and on the basis of lesion and neuroimaging data, it has been argued that a similar functional region can be identified in the anterior lateral bank of the human IPS (Binkofski and others 1998; Binkofski, Buccino, Posse, and others 1999; Grefkes and others 2002; Shikata and others 2 ...
neurotransmitters 101
... The brain’s 100 billion neurons connect the various organs and brain regions into a complex network of circuits that control specific functions within the body. Simply speaking, these circuits serve as on/off switches for the millions of messages and processes carried out on a daily basis. For examp ...
... The brain’s 100 billion neurons connect the various organs and brain regions into a complex network of circuits that control specific functions within the body. Simply speaking, these circuits serve as on/off switches for the millions of messages and processes carried out on a daily basis. For examp ...
Distributed patterns of reactivation predict vividness of recollection.
... Chun, & Wagner, 2011; Johnson et al., 2009; McDuff, Frankel, & Norman, 2009). However, most of these studies have assessed recollection as an all-or-none phenomenon that is either present or absent (e.g., with a remember/know paradigm; Tulving, 1985). For example, Johnson et al. (2009) reported sign ...
... Chun, & Wagner, 2011; Johnson et al., 2009; McDuff, Frankel, & Norman, 2009). However, most of these studies have assessed recollection as an all-or-none phenomenon that is either present or absent (e.g., with a remember/know paradigm; Tulving, 1985). For example, Johnson et al. (2009) reported sign ...
Протокол
... loss of proprioception (sensory ataxia). The dorsal column system provides fast, accurate feedback about movement, and coordinated motor output suffers from lesions at any level of this system. Because of redundancy and parallel pathways for transmission of tactile and proprioceptive information, c ...
... loss of proprioception (sensory ataxia). The dorsal column system provides fast, accurate feedback about movement, and coordinated motor output suffers from lesions at any level of this system. Because of redundancy and parallel pathways for transmission of tactile and proprioceptive information, c ...
Commentaries on Viewpoint: A role for the prefrontal cortex in
... TO THE EDITOR: We congratulate Robertson and Marino (3) for their prefrontal cortex model of exercise tolerance and termination, which is a welcome contribution to our broader understanding of the limits of human performance. The authors have constructed their model by bringing together neurocogniti ...
... TO THE EDITOR: We congratulate Robertson and Marino (3) for their prefrontal cortex model of exercise tolerance and termination, which is a welcome contribution to our broader understanding of the limits of human performance. The authors have constructed their model by bringing together neurocogniti ...
Layer-Specific Markers as Probes for Neuron Type Identity in
... Additional work will be required to resolve the discrepancies ...
... Additional work will be required to resolve the discrepancies ...
Habit formation
... peak at the onset of the cue that was absent in the activity of DLS projection neurons. These results suggest that these interneurons function not only maintaining action boundaries of the task, but also in registering task instruction changes to potentially aid behavioral flexibility. Work from the ...
... peak at the onset of the cue that was absent in the activity of DLS projection neurons. These results suggest that these interneurons function not only maintaining action boundaries of the task, but also in registering task instruction changes to potentially aid behavioral flexibility. Work from the ...
Impact of thousand-and-one amino acid 2 kinase
... family, the gene of which is located on the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) susceptible region on chromosome 16p11.2, is essential for dendrite morphogenesis. They have described a new pathway that specifically affects the formation of basal dendrites and axonal projections in cortical pyramidal ne ...
... family, the gene of which is located on the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) susceptible region on chromosome 16p11.2, is essential for dendrite morphogenesis. They have described a new pathway that specifically affects the formation of basal dendrites and axonal projections in cortical pyramidal ne ...
CNBC onnect - cnbc.cmu.edu - Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
... neurons – more EEG power at the scalp implies more coordination in the neurons. The results show that the relation is not that simple, with the lowest amount of neuronal coordination present at intermediate levels of oscillation in the EEG. This motivated constructing a better model of the non-linea ...
... neurons – more EEG power at the scalp implies more coordination in the neurons. The results show that the relation is not that simple, with the lowest amount of neuronal coordination present at intermediate levels of oscillation in the EEG. This motivated constructing a better model of the non-linea ...
Corticofugal modulation of functional connectivity within the auditory
... guinea pig thalamic recordings. The distance between the stereotaxically oriented guides ranged between 360 and 600 mm. In most cases two microelectrodes were inserted in the same guide. One electrode aimed at the center of the rostro-caudal extension of MGB was advanced at first. Both the activity ...
... guinea pig thalamic recordings. The distance between the stereotaxically oriented guides ranged between 360 and 600 mm. In most cases two microelectrodes were inserted in the same guide. One electrode aimed at the center of the rostro-caudal extension of MGB was advanced at first. Both the activity ...
Neuroscience, Fifth Edition
... Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control 353 Upper Motor Neuron Control of the Brainstem and Spinal Cord 375 Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia 399 Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum 417 Eye Movements and Sensory Motor Integration 435 The Visceral Motor System 451 ...
... Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control 353 Upper Motor Neuron Control of the Brainstem and Spinal Cord 375 Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia 399 Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum 417 Eye Movements and Sensory Motor Integration 435 The Visceral Motor System 451 ...
NERVOUS SYSTEM
... SPECIALIZED, INTERACTIVE REGIONS – LATERALIZATION • AREAS IN THE TWO HEMISPHERES BECOME SPECIALIZED FOR DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS ...
... SPECIALIZED, INTERACTIVE REGIONS – LATERALIZATION • AREAS IN THE TWO HEMISPHERES BECOME SPECIALIZED FOR DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS ...
The Inferior Parietal Lobule Is the Target of Output from the Superior
... is extensively interconnected with the frontal eye field (FEF), as well as with other visual cortical areas, and projects heavily to the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (Barbas and Mesulam, 1981; Lynch et al., 1985; Andersen et al., 1990). Another subregion of IPL, area 7b, is prefere ...
... is extensively interconnected with the frontal eye field (FEF), as well as with other visual cortical areas, and projects heavily to the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (Barbas and Mesulam, 1981; Lynch et al., 1985; Andersen et al., 1990). Another subregion of IPL, area 7b, is prefere ...
PROJECTIONS OF THE AMYGDALOID BODY TO THE INSULAR
... of the thalamus) which terminates in the insular cortex. It reaches, according to our results, both the agranular insular cortex and the anterior part of the granular insular cortex. According to Krettek and Price (5), this projection terminates in the posterior part of the granular insular cortex ...
... of the thalamus) which terminates in the insular cortex. It reaches, according to our results, both the agranular insular cortex and the anterior part of the granular insular cortex. According to Krettek and Price (5), this projection terminates in the posterior part of the granular insular cortex ...
The columnar organization of the neocortex
... neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities ...
... neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.