Frontal lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
... (P < 0.001) impaired activation in cortical and subcortical regions including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; areas 46 and 9), lateral premotor cortex (areas 8 and 6), medial prefrontal and premotor cortices (areas 8 and 9), insular cortex bilaterally and the anterior thalamic nuclear com ...
... (P < 0.001) impaired activation in cortical and subcortical regions including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; areas 46 and 9), lateral premotor cortex (areas 8 and 6), medial prefrontal and premotor cortices (areas 8 and 9), insular cortex bilaterally and the anterior thalamic nuclear com ...
Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
Corticofugal Modulation of Initial Sound
... Liberman and Kiang, 1978; Feng and Vater, 1985; Taberner and Liberman, 2005). Neurons in the deep layers of the auditory cortex send descending (corticofugal) fibers directly to most subcortical nuclei including the CN (Winer et al., 2001; Doucet et al., 2002; Coomes and Schofield, 2004a; Schofield ...
... Liberman and Kiang, 1978; Feng and Vater, 1985; Taberner and Liberman, 2005). Neurons in the deep layers of the auditory cortex send descending (corticofugal) fibers directly to most subcortical nuclei including the CN (Winer et al., 2001; Doucet et al., 2002; Coomes and Schofield, 2004a; Schofield ...
Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour
... activity. However, it has been shown that the neurons that contribute to complex functions, such as a memory trace or engram, are not localized in a single brain region but are distributed throughout the cortex 27. Therefore, despite its defined circuit structure, the brain functions as a spatially ...
... activity. However, it has been shown that the neurons that contribute to complex functions, such as a memory trace or engram, are not localized in a single brain region but are distributed throughout the cortex 27. Therefore, despite its defined circuit structure, the brain functions as a spatially ...
The neurophysiological correlates of motor tics following focal
... abnormalities in the action control pathways of the cortico-basal ganglia loop (Albin et al., 1989; Singer and Minzer, 2003; Kalanithi et al., 2005). The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical interconnected nuclei, receiving information from most of the cortex and sending information back to it v ...
... abnormalities in the action control pathways of the cortico-basal ganglia loop (Albin et al., 1989; Singer and Minzer, 2003; Kalanithi et al., 2005). The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical interconnected nuclei, receiving information from most of the cortex and sending information back to it v ...
fMR-adaptation reveals separate processing regions for the
... can conclude that the neurons in this region do not participate in the processing of this stimulus property. If, however, there is recovery from adaptation (as evidenced by a rise in the BOLD signal), then one can conclude that neurons in this region do play a role in the processing of that stimulus ...
... can conclude that the neurons in this region do not participate in the processing of this stimulus property. If, however, there is recovery from adaptation (as evidenced by a rise in the BOLD signal), then one can conclude that neurons in this region do play a role in the processing of that stimulus ...
Role of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Control of
... the cingulate sulcus, whereas the ventral tier occupies the cortex of the cingulate gyrus just above the corpus callosum. The dorsal tier of the cingulate cortex represents a more differentiated, transitional form of cortex having some morphological features in common with neocortical areas 4 and 6 ...
... the cingulate sulcus, whereas the ventral tier occupies the cortex of the cingulate gyrus just above the corpus callosum. The dorsal tier of the cingulate cortex represents a more differentiated, transitional form of cortex having some morphological features in common with neocortical areas 4 and 6 ...
Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and
... field potentials were also recorded in the fifth lamina. Under these conditions, it can be shown that every PDS is associated with a negative monophasic field potential in the depth (Fig. 20.12A). These stereotyped potential fluctuations in deep cortical layers correspond with field potentials at th ...
... field potentials were also recorded in the fifth lamina. Under these conditions, it can be shown that every PDS is associated with a negative monophasic field potential in the depth (Fig. 20.12A). These stereotyped potential fluctuations in deep cortical layers correspond with field potentials at th ...
High-Level Visual Processing: Cognitive Influences
... Clinical Evidence Identifies the Inferior Temporal Cortex as Essential for Object Recognition The first clear insight into the neural pathways mediating object recognition was obtained in the late 19th century when the American neurologist Sanger Brown and the British physiologist Edward Albert Schä ...
... Clinical Evidence Identifies the Inferior Temporal Cortex as Essential for Object Recognition The first clear insight into the neural pathways mediating object recognition was obtained in the late 19th century when the American neurologist Sanger Brown and the British physiologist Edward Albert Schä ...
Read Article - University of Northern Colorado
... emerges to account for the varying findings for the hippocampus. There are a variety of potentially confounding factors in autism research that challenge the scientific community that are not MRI specific, such as age, gender, IQ, and the inherent heterogeneity of the disorder separate from these ot ...
... emerges to account for the varying findings for the hippocampus. There are a variety of potentially confounding factors in autism research that challenge the scientific community that are not MRI specific, such as age, gender, IQ, and the inherent heterogeneity of the disorder separate from these ot ...
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... from the field of view randomly, but rather, they move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, views are very discontinuous as image patches sweep across the field of view. Motivated by cerebral cortex, our model explore ...
... from the field of view randomly, but rather, they move continuously across the field of view, given their motion is not too fast for the brain to respond. At the pixel level, views are very discontinuous as image patches sweep across the field of view. Motivated by cerebral cortex, our model explore ...
Layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex has the highest
... by neurons with similar physiological properties (Mountcastle, 1997). This modular organization is a widely recognized design principle for the structure and function of the brain (Jones, 2000; Mountcastle, 2003). The cortical column is a complex processing and distributing unit that links multiple ...
... by neurons with similar physiological properties (Mountcastle, 1997). This modular organization is a widely recognized design principle for the structure and function of the brain (Jones, 2000; Mountcastle, 2003). The cortical column is a complex processing and distributing unit that links multiple ...
Short Communication - NYU Psychology
... the same as in the previously studied begin the book construction, we predicted that (1a) should elicit increased AMF amplitudes if the AMF indeed reflects coercion. However, the effect might occur somewhat later than the 400–450 ms time-window implicated in our previous MEG study, given that the coe ...
... the same as in the previously studied begin the book construction, we predicted that (1a) should elicit increased AMF amplitudes if the AMF indeed reflects coercion. However, the effect might occur somewhat later than the 400–450 ms time-window implicated in our previous MEG study, given that the coe ...
Crocodilian Forebrain: Evolution and Development
... their termination in the dorsal ventricular ridge are not unique to crocodilians but have been described in other reptiles and in birds (Nieuwenhuys et al. 1998; Butler and Hodos 2005; Bruce 2007). However, unlike reptiles and birds, similar circuits in mammals end in the cortex (Jones 2007) rather ...
... their termination in the dorsal ventricular ridge are not unique to crocodilians but have been described in other reptiles and in birds (Nieuwenhuys et al. 1998; Butler and Hodos 2005; Bruce 2007). However, unlike reptiles and birds, similar circuits in mammals end in the cortex (Jones 2007) rather ...
Occlusion and brain function: mastication as a prevention of
... process in the hippocampus. As the hippocampus is one of the target brain regions of stress hormone corticosteroids regulating its negative feedback system (41), the attenuated hippocampal function may further cause a lack of control in the secretion of corticosteroids. Indeed, the extraction of mol ...
... process in the hippocampus. As the hippocampus is one of the target brain regions of stress hormone corticosteroids regulating its negative feedback system (41), the attenuated hippocampal function may further cause a lack of control in the secretion of corticosteroids. Indeed, the extraction of mol ...
Visuomotor Functions in the Frontal Lobe
... predominantly feedforward inputs from extrastriate visual areas; these inputs are reciprocated with predominantly feedback inputs (left wing). The core areas deliver predominantly feedforward inputs to other cortical areas that in turn provide feedback (right wing). Panel adapted from Markov et al. ...
... predominantly feedforward inputs from extrastriate visual areas; these inputs are reciprocated with predominantly feedback inputs (left wing). The core areas deliver predominantly feedforward inputs to other cortical areas that in turn provide feedback (right wing). Panel adapted from Markov et al. ...
The Octopus: A Model for a Comparative Analysis of the Evolution of
... an encephalization of the ganglionic masses in cephalopods, the octopus central nervous system is more similar to the vertebrate brain than to the ganglionic chain of its close relatives like the gastropods and bivalves (Young, 1971; Kandel, 1976; Budelmann et al., 1997). The size of the modern ceph ...
... an encephalization of the ganglionic masses in cephalopods, the octopus central nervous system is more similar to the vertebrate brain than to the ganglionic chain of its close relatives like the gastropods and bivalves (Young, 1971; Kandel, 1976; Budelmann et al., 1997). The size of the modern ceph ...
Increased prefrontal activity and reduced motor cortex
... related tasks (Ranganathan et al., 2004), but it is still a controversial issue with large individual differences. Although, one must also remember that there are differences between motor imagery and execution, and it has been shown that there may be partially different activation patterns within t ...
... related tasks (Ranganathan et al., 2004), but it is still a controversial issue with large individual differences. Although, one must also remember that there are differences between motor imagery and execution, and it has been shown that there may be partially different activation patterns within t ...
the distribution of the cells of origin of callosal projections in cat
... and to the lateral suprasylvian visual areas. In area 17, the portion of the visual field representation containing callosal neurons extended from the vertical meridian out to a maximum of 10’ azimuth. In the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area, callosal neurons were present in a region e ...
... and to the lateral suprasylvian visual areas. In area 17, the portion of the visual field representation containing callosal neurons extended from the vertical meridian out to a maximum of 10’ azimuth. In the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area, callosal neurons were present in a region e ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.