L
... that the seizure started contralaterally in the majority of cases. Seizures that include the “figure 4” sign as part of their semiology either arise from the opposite temporal lobe or the contralateral frontal (usually mesial) lobe. Partial seizures can cause versive head and eye deviation. This fin ...
... that the seizure started contralaterally in the majority of cases. Seizures that include the “figure 4” sign as part of their semiology either arise from the opposite temporal lobe or the contralateral frontal (usually mesial) lobe. Partial seizures can cause versive head and eye deviation. This fin ...
Spinal cord and reflexes
... Gray Matter and White Matter Organization of White Matter Posterior white columns: lie between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus Anterior white columns: lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure Anterior white commissure: area where axons cross from one side ...
... Gray Matter and White Matter Organization of White Matter Posterior white columns: lie between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus Anterior white columns: lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure Anterior white commissure: area where axons cross from one side ...
Spinal cord and reflexes
... Gray Matter and White Matter Organization of White Matter Posterior white columns: lie between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus Anterior white columns: lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure Anterior white commissure: area where axons cross from one side ...
... Gray Matter and White Matter Organization of White Matter Posterior white columns: lie between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus Anterior white columns: lie between anterior gray horns and anterior median fissure Anterior white commissure: area where axons cross from one side ...
Hereditary Pick’s disease with the G272V tau mutation shows predominant three-repeat
... as described (Goedert et al., 1992; Lee et al., 2001). The phosphorylation dependent anti-tau antibody AT8 was gold conjugated and used at a dilution of 1:100. ...
... as described (Goedert et al., 1992; Lee et al., 2001). The phosphorylation dependent anti-tau antibody AT8 was gold conjugated and used at a dilution of 1:100. ...
Table of Contents
... – May play a role in the acquisition of new motor skills, • the imitation of others, • the ability to feel empathy for others, • and dysfunctions in mirror neuron circuits may underlie the ...
... – May play a role in the acquisition of new motor skills, • the imitation of others, • the ability to feel empathy for others, • and dysfunctions in mirror neuron circuits may underlie the ...
judasMRT99
... cells in the layer I. In the visual cortex of the adult rhesus monkey, Sandell (1986) described few NADPH-d cells that send most of their processes down in layers II and III instead of branching within the layer I. According to Fischer and Kuljis (1994), layer I of the adult human cortex does not co ...
... cells in the layer I. In the visual cortex of the adult rhesus monkey, Sandell (1986) described few NADPH-d cells that send most of their processes down in layers II and III instead of branching within the layer I. According to Fischer and Kuljis (1994), layer I of the adult human cortex does not co ...
Large-Scale Functional Connectivity in Associative Learning
... somatosensory stimuli, one hypothesis is that the extraauditory regions having the anatomic capacity to integrate information from these sensory modalities should be engaged preferentially. Anatomic studies of rat neocortex have identified some possible candidates in the perilimbic cortical areas (P ...
... somatosensory stimuli, one hypothesis is that the extraauditory regions having the anatomic capacity to integrate information from these sensory modalities should be engaged preferentially. Anatomic studies of rat neocortex have identified some possible candidates in the perilimbic cortical areas (P ...
neural representation and the cortical code
... middle temporal cortical area (MT), an area believed to be involved in the representation of visual motion. The response properties of these two neurons to stimuli are identical by construction, yet neuron B2 has no axon and hence serves no functional role whatsoever. Can one say what these two neur ...
... middle temporal cortical area (MT), an area believed to be involved in the representation of visual motion. The response properties of these two neurons to stimuli are identical by construction, yet neuron B2 has no axon and hence serves no functional role whatsoever. Can one say what these two neur ...
Resting-state functional connectivity in neuropsychiatric disorders
... Several other conditions or disorders of interest to neuropsychiatry have been subjected to resting-state analyses though none have, as yet, been studied by more than one group. Using ICA, Damoiseaux and colleagues [21] have shown that normal aging is associated with reduced connectivity in the DMN ...
... Several other conditions or disorders of interest to neuropsychiatry have been subjected to resting-state analyses though none have, as yet, been studied by more than one group. Using ICA, Damoiseaux and colleagues [21] have shown that normal aging is associated with reduced connectivity in the DMN ...
article in press - Neurobiology of Vocal Communication
... ARTICLE IN PRESS U. Jürgens, S.R. Hage / Behavioural Brain Research xxx (2006) xxx–xxx ...
... ARTICLE IN PRESS U. Jürgens, S.R. Hage / Behavioural Brain Research xxx (2006) xxx–xxx ...
Oriented Axon Projections in Primary Visual Cortex of the Monkey
... the micropipette with a freshly made, saturated solution of biocytin (ⱖ4%; Sigma, St. L ouis, MO) in sterile saline. We took a photograph of the cortical surface for later reference and chose injection sites in areas free of blood vessels and spaced ⬎3 mm apart. Just before introducing the pipette, ...
... the micropipette with a freshly made, saturated solution of biocytin (ⱖ4%; Sigma, St. L ouis, MO) in sterile saline. We took a photograph of the cortical surface for later reference and chose injection sites in areas free of blood vessels and spaced ⬎3 mm apart. Just before introducing the pipette, ...
Flow-metabolism coupling in human visual, motor, and
... BOLD and CBF for all three stimulus levels from the ROI for each individual in the PVC (Fig. 4a), PMC (Fig. 4b), and SMA (Fig. 4c). Measurements from the three different stimulation levels for a given subject are joined by lines, and data points are consistently labeled so that somatosensory activat ...
... BOLD and CBF for all three stimulus levels from the ROI for each individual in the PVC (Fig. 4a), PMC (Fig. 4b), and SMA (Fig. 4c). Measurements from the three different stimulation levels for a given subject are joined by lines, and data points are consistently labeled so that somatosensory activat ...
Huffman PowerPoint Slides
... Karen Huffman, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e ...
... Karen Huffman, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman/Vernoy/Vernoy: Psychology in Action 5e ...
Role of Feedforward and Feedback Projections in Figure
... reflected by the fact that the majority of neurons in the primary visual cortex are sensitive to such contextual influences from surrounding regions. Surrounding stimuli outside the classical receptive field do not activate the cell but modulate the response to the stimulus that falls within it. Thi ...
... reflected by the fact that the majority of neurons in the primary visual cortex are sensitive to such contextual influences from surrounding regions. Surrounding stimuli outside the classical receptive field do not activate the cell but modulate the response to the stimulus that falls within it. Thi ...
Lorazepam dose-dependently decreases risk-taking
... temporal discounting function; Petry et al. 1998; Madden et al. 1999). Functional neuroimaging studies of risk-taking have shown that several neural substrates activate in relation to the degree of risk. Among these structures are the orbital and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, i ...
... temporal discounting function; Petry et al. 1998; Madden et al. 1999). Functional neuroimaging studies of risk-taking have shown that several neural substrates activate in relation to the degree of risk. Among these structures are the orbital and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, i ...
Imitation: is cognitive neuroscience solving the correspondence
... neurons – and other neural systems that are active during both action observation and action execution – can do imitation but are not for imitation. They suggest that mirror neurons acquire their properties in the course of ontogeny as a side-effect of the operation of general associative learning a ...
... neurons – and other neural systems that are active during both action observation and action execution – can do imitation but are not for imitation. They suggest that mirror neurons acquire their properties in the course of ontogeny as a side-effect of the operation of general associative learning a ...
Responses of primate frontal cortex neurons during natural vocal
... communication. J Neurophysiol 114: 1158 –1171, 2015. First published June 18, 2015; doi:10.1152/jn.01003.2014.—The role of primate frontal cortex in vocal communication and its significance in language evolution have a controversial history. While evidence indicates that vocalization processing occu ...
... communication. J Neurophysiol 114: 1158 –1171, 2015. First published June 18, 2015; doi:10.1152/jn.01003.2014.—The role of primate frontal cortex in vocal communication and its significance in language evolution have a controversial history. While evidence indicates that vocalization processing occu ...
Perceptual and Semantic Contributions to
... priming-related effects within extrastriate (i.e., visual) and prefrontal cortices (Buckner et al. 2000; Badgaiyan et al. 2001). The predominant interpretation is that such extrastriate regions mediate priming irrespective of the sensory modality and also despite changes in the surface features (i.e ...
... priming-related effects within extrastriate (i.e., visual) and prefrontal cortices (Buckner et al. 2000; Badgaiyan et al. 2001). The predominant interpretation is that such extrastriate regions mediate priming irrespective of the sensory modality and also despite changes in the surface features (i.e ...
Optogenetic Brain Interfaces
... of mental disease circuitries (e.g., Parkinsonian neural circuits [15]) or interrogation of the role of circuit elements in the overall dynamics of the network (e.g., functionality of fast-spiking Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons in cortical microcircuits of prefrontal cortex [16]). 3) Generating ...
... of mental disease circuitries (e.g., Parkinsonian neural circuits [15]) or interrogation of the role of circuit elements in the overall dynamics of the network (e.g., functionality of fast-spiking Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons in cortical microcircuits of prefrontal cortex [16]). 3) Generating ...
Models and Measurements of Functional Maps in V1
... from single-unit studies that individual neurons are preferentially sensitive to a small set of stimulus features and that neuronal sensitivity to these features varies across the cortical sheet within a visual area (Hubel and Wiesel 1962). Over the last 20 years, optical imaging has allowed the act ...
... from single-unit studies that individual neurons are preferentially sensitive to a small set of stimulus features and that neuronal sensitivity to these features varies across the cortical sheet within a visual area (Hubel and Wiesel 1962). Over the last 20 years, optical imaging has allowed the act ...
Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition,
... humans holds a privileged position within the nervous system with regard to thought and reason. This view stems, in part, from the classic neurological literature which has provided evidence that the frontal cortex, and its anterior (prefrontal) component, in particular, has a role in cognitive proc ...
... humans holds a privileged position within the nervous system with regard to thought and reason. This view stems, in part, from the classic neurological literature which has provided evidence that the frontal cortex, and its anterior (prefrontal) component, in particular, has a role in cognitive proc ...
Revised_BJP_MS_
... 2006), and it is possible that this endocannabinoid may play a protective role in these conditions, all of which have a neuroinflammatory/neuroimmune component. Indeed, evidence from in vitro studies indicates that 2-AG induces suppressive effects on immune function by reducing inflammatory cytokine ...
... 2006), and it is possible that this endocannabinoid may play a protective role in these conditions, all of which have a neuroinflammatory/neuroimmune component. Indeed, evidence from in vitro studies indicates that 2-AG induces suppressive effects on immune function by reducing inflammatory cytokine ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... The design of the task meant that sometimes the participants were expecting a low probability of a high reward of 30 pence and unexpectedly obtained a high reward value of 30 pence. On these trials, the TD prediction error from the EV part of the trial when the decision was being made and in the de ...
... The design of the task meant that sometimes the participants were expecting a low probability of a high reward of 30 pence and unexpectedly obtained a high reward value of 30 pence. On these trials, the TD prediction error from the EV part of the trial when the decision was being made and in the de ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.