Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... a fundamental mechanism linking sensory representations of the actions of others to motor plans. Furthermore, social psychology studies have documented the automaticity of imitation and mimicry in humans, a feature that also maps well onto some recently disclosed neurophysiological bases of imitatio ...
... a fundamental mechanism linking sensory representations of the actions of others to motor plans. Furthermore, social psychology studies have documented the automaticity of imitation and mimicry in humans, a feature that also maps well onto some recently disclosed neurophysiological bases of imitatio ...
Neuronal activity (c-Fos) delineating interactions of the cerebral
... The cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (BG) form a neural circuit that is disrupted in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. We found that neuronal activity (c-Fos) in the BG followed cortical activity, i.e., high in arousal state and low in sleep state. To determine if cortical activity is necessar ...
... The cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (BG) form a neural circuit that is disrupted in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. We found that neuronal activity (c-Fos) in the BG followed cortical activity, i.e., high in arousal state and low in sleep state. To determine if cortical activity is necessar ...
Linking Topography to Tonotopy in the Mouse Auditory
... in AI and AAF, and calculating the position of each recording site along the line (see Fig. 1C). Topographic variation in BF was well fit with a quadratic function, with the peak of the fit line used to identify the boundary between AI and AAF. For MGB maps, caudal-to-rostral position was expressed ...
... in AI and AAF, and calculating the position of each recording site along the line (see Fig. 1C). Topographic variation in BF was well fit with a quadratic function, with the peak of the fit line used to identify the boundary between AI and AAF. For MGB maps, caudal-to-rostral position was expressed ...
The Thalamic Projections of the Spinothalamic Tract
... and that they reached different thalamic domains including lateral, posterior, and intralaminar nuclei [e.g., 1,3,8]. Gingold and coworkers [35] studied terminal STT-like structures in the thalamus of squirrel monkeys after spinal injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP). T ...
... and that they reached different thalamic domains including lateral, posterior, and intralaminar nuclei [e.g., 1,3,8]. Gingold and coworkers [35] studied terminal STT-like structures in the thalamus of squirrel monkeys after spinal injections of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP). T ...
Functional Organization of Ferret Auditory Cortex
... and only cases for which the ISI revealed a clear refractory period were classed as single units. For a minority of recordings, we were unable to demonstrate a refractory period and, in these cases, the unit was classified as a ‘small cluster’. We saw no evidence for differences in the response prope ...
... and only cases for which the ISI revealed a clear refractory period were classed as single units. For a minority of recordings, we were unable to demonstrate a refractory period and, in these cases, the unit was classified as a ‘small cluster’. We saw no evidence for differences in the response prope ...
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... from the auditory association cortex in the superior temporal gyrus. Topographical connections have been reported: the rostral part of area 46 and area 10 are preferentially interconnected with the rostral belt and parabelt auditory association cortex, whereas the caudal part of area 46 and the peri ...
... from the auditory association cortex in the superior temporal gyrus. Topographical connections have been reported: the rostral part of area 46 and area 10 are preferentially interconnected with the rostral belt and parabelt auditory association cortex, whereas the caudal part of area 46 and the peri ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... a fundamental mechanism linking sensory representations of the actions of others to motor plans. Furthermore, social psychology studies have documented the automaticity of imitation and mimicry in humans, a feature that also maps well onto some recently disclosed neurophysiological bases of imitatio ...
... a fundamental mechanism linking sensory representations of the actions of others to motor plans. Furthermore, social psychology studies have documented the automaticity of imitation and mimicry in humans, a feature that also maps well onto some recently disclosed neurophysiological bases of imitatio ...
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... emotional systems”, which can be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Another working hypothesis is that a dysfunction in motor processing, specifically in the mirror neuron system (MNS; di Pellegrino et al., 1992; Williams et al., 2001; Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004), is a ...
... emotional systems”, which can be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Another working hypothesis is that a dysfunction in motor processing, specifically in the mirror neuron system (MNS; di Pellegrino et al., 1992; Williams et al., 2001; Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004), is a ...
Cerebral blood flow and gray matter volume covariance patterns of
... between cognitive and brain measures truly exist and are not epiphenomenal due solely to their shared relationships with age. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cerebral blood flow (CBF) and gray matter volume (GMV) measures make unique and better predictions of cognition than age alo ...
... between cognitive and brain measures truly exist and are not epiphenomenal due solely to their shared relationships with age. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cerebral blood flow (CBF) and gray matter volume (GMV) measures make unique and better predictions of cognition than age alo ...
Chapter 12 PowerPoint Slided PDF - CM
... connected to caudate nucleus by small bridges of gray matter; combination of putamen and caudate are sometimes called corpus striatum Globus pallidus sits medial to putamen; contains more ...
... connected to caudate nucleus by small bridges of gray matter; combination of putamen and caudate are sometimes called corpus striatum Globus pallidus sits medial to putamen; contains more ...
View PDF - Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences
... In a recent comparison of IL and PL projections in the rat, we showed that, with a few exceptions, PL and IL distribute differently throughout the brain (Vertes, 2004). These differential patterns of projections are summarized in Fig. 1. As illustrated (Fig. 1), IL distributes significantly to: (1) ...
... In a recent comparison of IL and PL projections in the rat, we showed that, with a few exceptions, PL and IL distribute differently throughout the brain (Vertes, 2004). These differential patterns of projections are summarized in Fig. 1. As illustrated (Fig. 1), IL distributes significantly to: (1) ...
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons
... a fundamental mechanism linking sensory representations of the actions of others to motor plans. Furthermore, social psychology studies have documented the automaticity of imitation and mimicry in humans, a feature that also maps well onto some recently disclosed neurophysiological bases of imitatio ...
... a fundamental mechanism linking sensory representations of the actions of others to motor plans. Furthermore, social psychology studies have documented the automaticity of imitation and mimicry in humans, a feature that also maps well onto some recently disclosed neurophysiological bases of imitatio ...
Stimulus-Dependent Synchronization of Neuronal Responses in the
... preferences for particular features of visual stimuli, but in general, the tuning is broad. Thus, even simple stimuli evoke responses in numerous neurons with differing but overlapping feature preferences, and it is commonly held that a particular feature is encoded in the pattern of graded response ...
... preferences for particular features of visual stimuli, but in general, the tuning is broad. Thus, even simple stimuli evoke responses in numerous neurons with differing but overlapping feature preferences, and it is commonly held that a particular feature is encoded in the pattern of graded response ...
Amygdala oscillations and the consolidation of
... interconnected nuclei located in the depth of the temporal lobe. Early anatomists divided the amygdala into three groups of nuclei (see Fig. I): the basolateral (BL) complex, comprising the lateral (LA), BL and basomedial (BM) nuclei; the corticomedial group including the central (CE), cortical and ...
... interconnected nuclei located in the depth of the temporal lobe. Early anatomists divided the amygdala into three groups of nuclei (see Fig. I): the basolateral (BL) complex, comprising the lateral (LA), BL and basomedial (BM) nuclei; the corticomedial group including the central (CE), cortical and ...
Berridge, K.C.Brain reward systems for food incentives and
... forebrain and brainstem (Berridge, 2003; Kelley et al., 2005a; Levine and Billington, 2004; Peciña and Berridge, 2005; Smith and Berridge, 2005). These sites include nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and possibly amygdala and even limbic cortical sites, and also deep brainstem sites including the ...
... forebrain and brainstem (Berridge, 2003; Kelley et al., 2005a; Levine and Billington, 2004; Peciña and Berridge, 2005; Smith and Berridge, 2005). These sites include nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, and possibly amygdala and even limbic cortical sites, and also deep brainstem sites including the ...
Mirror Neurons in a New World Monkey, Common Marmoset
... identified cells responsive to others’ grasping action in a clear landmark, the superior temporal sulcus (STS), under anesthesia, and injected fluorescent tracers into the region. By fluorescence stereomicroscopy, we identified clusters of labeled cells in the ventrolateral frontal cortex, which wer ...
... identified cells responsive to others’ grasping action in a clear landmark, the superior temporal sulcus (STS), under anesthesia, and injected fluorescent tracers into the region. By fluorescence stereomicroscopy, we identified clusters of labeled cells in the ventrolateral frontal cortex, which wer ...
Neuronal morphology in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana
... suggest regional variation in cortical processing, generally with successively more complex processing as one moves rostrally. Greater processing demands on neurons appear to be reflected in the increasing complexity of their dendritic arrays (Elston 2003, 2007; Jacobs and Scheibel 2002). Although i ...
... suggest regional variation in cortical processing, generally with successively more complex processing as one moves rostrally. Greater processing demands on neurons appear to be reflected in the increasing complexity of their dendritic arrays (Elston 2003, 2007; Jacobs and Scheibel 2002). Although i ...
chapter 4 the evolution of body, brain, behavior, and mind in
... are of great interest from an evolutionary perspective because our lungs, and our four limbs with their articulated digits, are an amphibian legacy, and so are our mobile head and tongue, as well as some components of our spinal cord and brain. 4.1.2. Somatic, Behavioral, and Neural Adaptations in A ...
... are of great interest from an evolutionary perspective because our lungs, and our four limbs with their articulated digits, are an amphibian legacy, and so are our mobile head and tongue, as well as some components of our spinal cord and brain. 4.1.2. Somatic, Behavioral, and Neural Adaptations in A ...
Measuring Cortical Thickness - McConnell Brain Imaging Centre
... The cerebral cortex has been called the “highest achievement of biological evolution and the neural substrate of human mental abilities” [26]. The cortex has a surface area of on average 2.5 square feet, with a normal thickness of about 3mm [4, 11, 17]. It is a highly convoluted structure, the degre ...
... The cerebral cortex has been called the “highest achievement of biological evolution and the neural substrate of human mental abilities” [26]. The cortex has a surface area of on average 2.5 square feet, with a normal thickness of about 3mm [4, 11, 17]. It is a highly convoluted structure, the degre ...
Lateral Connectivity and Contextual Interactions in Macaque
... (A) Local integrated axonal length of the intrinsic connections was assessed as a function of visuotopic location in a 10⬘ ⫻ 10⬘ grid surrounding the injection site. A portion of the reconstruction shown in Figure 3A is superimposed (in blue) over a picture of the surface vasculature for that part o ...
... (A) Local integrated axonal length of the intrinsic connections was assessed as a function of visuotopic location in a 10⬘ ⫻ 10⬘ grid surrounding the injection site. A portion of the reconstruction shown in Figure 3A is superimposed (in blue) over a picture of the surface vasculature for that part o ...
The anatomy, physiology and functions of the
... nucleus. In rats, the perirhinal cortex has its strongest interconnections with the lateral nucleus, although minor reciprocal connections with the accessory basal nucleus have also been described [6**]. Taken together, these neuroanatomical data suggest that the perirhinal cortex in both monkeys an ...
... nucleus. In rats, the perirhinal cortex has its strongest interconnections with the lateral nucleus, although minor reciprocal connections with the accessory basal nucleus have also been described [6**]. Taken together, these neuroanatomical data suggest that the perirhinal cortex in both monkeys an ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.