Normalization in human somatosensory cortex
... repeating them across brain regions and modalities to apply similar operations of the same form, hierarchically, giving rise to greater selectivity and invariance at each stage of visual processing (Heeger et al. 1996; Riesenhuber and Poggio 1999, 2002; Simoncelli and Heeger 1998), and that divisive ...
... repeating them across brain regions and modalities to apply similar operations of the same form, hierarchically, giving rise to greater selectivity and invariance at each stage of visual processing (Heeger et al. 1996; Riesenhuber and Poggio 1999, 2002; Simoncelli and Heeger 1998), and that divisive ...
Spontaneous activity in developing sensory circuits
... from adult: it arises not from the modulation of ongoing activity or brain states as in adults, but from alternating periods of complete network silence and activity. This temporal organization in preterms was named tracé discontinu, and is most prominent during the second half of gestation, particu ...
... from adult: it arises not from the modulation of ongoing activity or brain states as in adults, but from alternating periods of complete network silence and activity. This temporal organization in preterms was named tracé discontinu, and is most prominent during the second half of gestation, particu ...
autonomic nervous system
... another special type of cell found in the nervous system. • Glial cells have several functions: removing waste, occupying vacant space when neurons die, guiding the migration of neurons during brain development, and insulation. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. ...
... another special type of cell found in the nervous system. • Glial cells have several functions: removing waste, occupying vacant space when neurons die, guiding the migration of neurons during brain development, and insulation. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. ...
Visual Processing in the Primate Brain
... peripheral monocular zones (single lines). Size in vision is measured in terms of visual angle, the angle subtended on the retina. At a distance of 57 cm from the eyes, a stimulus 1 cm in size subtends 1 degree of visual angle. A useful approximation is that the width of the thumbnail at arms length ...
... peripheral monocular zones (single lines). Size in vision is measured in terms of visual angle, the angle subtended on the retina. At a distance of 57 cm from the eyes, a stimulus 1 cm in size subtends 1 degree of visual angle. A useful approximation is that the width of the thumbnail at arms length ...
Connections Between the Retrosplenial Cortex and the
... Retrosplenial granular b cortex is innervated by a small number of pyramidal neurons in the dorfal, medial part of area C A I , and a small number of nonpyramidal neurons at the border of stratum radiatum and stratum moleculare, predominantly in area C A I (Fig. 6D). A dense cluster of neurons in th ...
... Retrosplenial granular b cortex is innervated by a small number of pyramidal neurons in the dorfal, medial part of area C A I , and a small number of nonpyramidal neurons at the border of stratum radiatum and stratum moleculare, predominantly in area C A I (Fig. 6D). A dense cluster of neurons in th ...
This article was originally published in the
... blood flow to PCC increases when spatial attention is shifted contralaterally, whereas blood flow to ACC increases in a nonselective fashion. Cingulate cortex is unique among attentional control areas by virtue of its strong connections to limbic regions, which are thought to be important for reward ...
... blood flow to PCC increases when spatial attention is shifted contralaterally, whereas blood flow to ACC increases in a nonselective fashion. Cingulate cortex is unique among attentional control areas by virtue of its strong connections to limbic regions, which are thought to be important for reward ...
Mapping synaptic pathology within cerebral cortical circuits in
... Relative strengths of the spinning disk confocal microscope include having more photons reach the detector than in a typical LSCM setup (i.e., a pinhole of 1 Airy unit) (Sandison and Webb, 1994), providing greater fidelity of quantification of fluorescent intensity. Spinning disk confocals also use ...
... Relative strengths of the spinning disk confocal microscope include having more photons reach the detector than in a typical LSCM setup (i.e., a pinhole of 1 Airy unit) (Sandison and Webb, 1994), providing greater fidelity of quantification of fluorescent intensity. Spinning disk confocals also use ...
Anatomofunctional organization of the ventral primary motor and
... eyes. We further checked whether different types of movements (i.e. scratching, grooming or spontaneous finger flexion movements) were equally effective in triggering neuronal discharge in order to establish whether the activity was related to simple movements or motor acts. Grasping-related respons ...
... eyes. We further checked whether different types of movements (i.e. scratching, grooming or spontaneous finger flexion movements) were equally effective in triggering neuronal discharge in order to establish whether the activity was related to simple movements or motor acts. Grasping-related respons ...
pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus
... stimulation of the body, and these medially-located structures are collectively referred to as the medial pain system. These include the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei (MITN), which project to the limbic cortex, the periaqueductal grey, the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)6 ...
... stimulation of the body, and these medially-located structures are collectively referred to as the medial pain system. These include the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei (MITN), which project to the limbic cortex, the periaqueductal grey, the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)6 ...
neural circuitry approaches to understanding the pathophysiology
... as ‘‘neophrenology.’’ Although these models have been useful in stimulating studies of the structure–function relationships of the implicated brain regions, they have been limited in a number of respects, including the inability to account for the array of signs and symptoms that typically constitut ...
... as ‘‘neophrenology.’’ Although these models have been useful in stimulating studies of the structure–function relationships of the implicated brain regions, they have been limited in a number of respects, including the inability to account for the array of signs and symptoms that typically constitut ...
Mental state inference using visual control parameters
... not known. However, the parietal cortex appears to be involved in visuomotor aspects of manual manipulative movements [1,7,21,20,30,46,53,82,90]. The feedforward control, we assume, is a skill learned by self-observation of feedback-controlled movements, which involves inverse model learning (e.g. f ...
... not known. However, the parietal cortex appears to be involved in visuomotor aspects of manual manipulative movements [1,7,21,20,30,46,53,82,90]. The feedforward control, we assume, is a skill learned by self-observation of feedback-controlled movements, which involves inverse model learning (e.g. f ...
Goals of Explaining Brain Functions Underlying Anxiety Disorders
... Cortex-based Approaches • Challenge Self-Defeating Beliefs that set one up for increased anxiety – Expecting perfect or near perfect performance – “Should“ statements that judge the way things “should” be – Catastrophizing: Making a setback into a disaster – Concerns about what others might think o ...
... Cortex-based Approaches • Challenge Self-Defeating Beliefs that set one up for increased anxiety – Expecting perfect or near perfect performance – “Should“ statements that judge the way things “should” be – Catastrophizing: Making a setback into a disaster – Concerns about what others might think o ...
Reticular formation,sleep and wakefulness
... • Unconciousness state from which a person can be aroused by sensory or other stimuli; • Has multiple stages: from very deep to very light sleep; • It’s divided into two entirely different types of sleep that have different quantities & alternate: slow- wave sleep (NREM) & rapid eye movement sleep ( ...
... • Unconciousness state from which a person can be aroused by sensory or other stimuli; • Has multiple stages: from very deep to very light sleep; • It’s divided into two entirely different types of sleep that have different quantities & alternate: slow- wave sleep (NREM) & rapid eye movement sleep ( ...
Tinnitus: What You Need to Know
... Figure 13. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. MR. (A) –Axial and (B) -Sagittal of the orbits demonstrating papilledema manifested by dilation of the sheath of the optic nerve (yellow arrow) and protrusion of the head of the optic nerve (red arrow). MR Venogram (C) revealing stenosis of the bilate ...
... Figure 13. Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension. MR. (A) –Axial and (B) -Sagittal of the orbits demonstrating papilledema manifested by dilation of the sheath of the optic nerve (yellow arrow) and protrusion of the head of the optic nerve (red arrow). MR Venogram (C) revealing stenosis of the bilate ...
Features of Neuronal Synchrony in Mouse Visual Cortex
... Such precise stimulus-induced synchronization is not restricted to the mammalian visual system. Rather, it represents a common phenomenon across species and has, for instance, also been found in the visual system of reptiles (Prechtl 1994) and birds (Neuenschwander and Varela 1993). Moreover, these ...
... Such precise stimulus-induced synchronization is not restricted to the mammalian visual system. Rather, it represents a common phenomenon across species and has, for instance, also been found in the visual system of reptiles (Prechtl 1994) and birds (Neuenschwander and Varela 1993). Moreover, these ...
primary visual cortex and visual awareness
... Visual attention can be directed to a particular region of space, visual feature or object, and can enhance the neural processing of attended stimuli and suppress the processing of irrelevant stimuli. Behavioural studies indicate that attention is necessary but not sufficient for visual awareness — ...
... Visual attention can be directed to a particular region of space, visual feature or object, and can enhance the neural processing of attended stimuli and suppress the processing of irrelevant stimuli. Behavioural studies indicate that attention is necessary but not sufficient for visual awareness — ...
Abstracts for each slide presentation are available here
... Introduction: The thalamus is well known as a key relay, integration and broadcast point for all cerebral processing. In particular, thalamic GABA-ergic interneurons believed to be critical for (linear) gain control in such cerebral sensory and associative processing. It is therefore not surprising ...
... Introduction: The thalamus is well known as a key relay, integration and broadcast point for all cerebral processing. In particular, thalamic GABA-ergic interneurons believed to be critical for (linear) gain control in such cerebral sensory and associative processing. It is therefore not surprising ...
PREFERENTIAL POTENTIATION OF WEAKER INPUTS TO PRIMARY
... stimulation of fibers in the perforant pathway resulted in field EPSPs (fEPSP) recorded in the dentate gyrus of anesthetized rabbits. When brief, high frequency burst stimulation was applied to the perforant pathway, the response to subsequent single stimulation pulses became enhanced, an effect tha ...
... stimulation of fibers in the perforant pathway resulted in field EPSPs (fEPSP) recorded in the dentate gyrus of anesthetized rabbits. When brief, high frequency burst stimulation was applied to the perforant pathway, the response to subsequent single stimulation pulses became enhanced, an effect tha ...
Contextual modulation of primary visual cortex by auditory signals
... multisensory integration of auditory and visual signals in V1 is dependent on the behavioural context. When monkeys are required to make a saccade, reduced response latencies are found in V1 neurons when the saccade is towards a visuoauditory stimulus compared with orienting gaze to a visual stimulu ...
... multisensory integration of auditory and visual signals in V1 is dependent on the behavioural context. When monkeys are required to make a saccade, reduced response latencies are found in V1 neurons when the saccade is towards a visuoauditory stimulus compared with orienting gaze to a visual stimulu ...
empathize with fictional characters
... actions and the perceptual aspects of the actions of other people in more complex ways. Indeed, there are two major classes of mirror neurons: strictly congruent mirror neurons and broadly congruent mirror neurons. Strictly congruent mirror neurons— which correspond to approximately one-third of rec ...
... actions and the perceptual aspects of the actions of other people in more complex ways. Indeed, there are two major classes of mirror neurons: strictly congruent mirror neurons and broadly congruent mirror neurons. Strictly congruent mirror neurons— which correspond to approximately one-third of rec ...
Axonal conduction properties of antidromically identified neurons in
... described. Four projection sites were activated using electrical stimulation: (1) vibrissal motor cortex, (2) ventrobasal thalamus (VB), (3) posteromedial thalamic nucleus (POm), and (4) cerebral peduncle. Extracellular recordings were obtained from a total of 169 units in 21 animals. Results demons ...
... described. Four projection sites were activated using electrical stimulation: (1) vibrissal motor cortex, (2) ventrobasal thalamus (VB), (3) posteromedial thalamic nucleus (POm), and (4) cerebral peduncle. Extracellular recordings were obtained from a total of 169 units in 21 animals. Results demons ...
Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier and Neuronal Cell Death in
... activity and m2-muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (m2-AChR). Animals subjected to stress and chemicals exhibited both disruption of the BBB and neuronal cell death in the cingulate cortex, the dentate gyrus, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. Other regions of the brain, although they demonstrated ...
... activity and m2-muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (m2-AChR). Animals subjected to stress and chemicals exhibited both disruption of the BBB and neuronal cell death in the cingulate cortex, the dentate gyrus, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. Other regions of the brain, although they demonstrated ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.