Temporal Profiles of Axon Terminals, Synapses and Spines in the
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A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial
... most other tracing protocols available, typically focusing on certain MTL areas (e.g., amygdala and/or hippocampus), the integrative perspective adopted by the present tracing guidelines allows for clear localization of all MTL subregions. By integrating information from a variety of sources, includ ...
... most other tracing protocols available, typically focusing on certain MTL areas (e.g., amygdala and/or hippocampus), the integrative perspective adopted by the present tracing guidelines allows for clear localization of all MTL subregions. By integrating information from a variety of sources, includ ...
Virtual Fly Brain – under the hood.
... MBc & LH glomerulus terminal arbour of dendrite fills glomerulus DL1, receives synapses ...
... MBc & LH glomerulus terminal arbour of dendrite fills glomerulus DL1, receives synapses ...
donepezil dose-dependently inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in
... Abstract—In the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease, donepezil (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent aff ...
... Abstract—In the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease, donepezil (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent aff ...
Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
... different body parts by different pieces of M1 cortex (Schott 1993). Indeed, in its ultimate form, Penfield’s homunculus included a line representing the mediolateral ribbon of M1, broken into sequential line segments representing different body parts, down to different segments for the thumb, index ...
... different body parts by different pieces of M1 cortex (Schott 1993). Indeed, in its ultimate form, Penfield’s homunculus included a line representing the mediolateral ribbon of M1, broken into sequential line segments representing different body parts, down to different segments for the thumb, index ...
Nucleus Basalis and Thalamic Control of Neocortical Activity in the
... major cholinergic afferent system to the neocortex, the basal forebrain (Divac, 1975; Joneset al., 1976, Mesulam and Van Hoesen, 1976). The presentquantitative studieswere undertaken againstthe background of a growing awareness of the important role played by the cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei i ...
... major cholinergic afferent system to the neocortex, the basal forebrain (Divac, 1975; Joneset al., 1976, Mesulam and Van Hoesen, 1976). The presentquantitative studieswere undertaken againstthe background of a growing awareness of the important role played by the cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei i ...
Methamphetamine Users in Sustained Abstinence
... The NAA signal, the most prominent and wellstudied peak on the proton spectrum, represents the Nacetyl compounds, comprising several N-acetylated moieties, predominantly N-acetylaspartate, and a significant but much smaller signal from N-acetylaspartylglutamate. A putative measure of the amount of n ...
... The NAA signal, the most prominent and wellstudied peak on the proton spectrum, represents the Nacetyl compounds, comprising several N-acetylated moieties, predominantly N-acetylaspartate, and a significant but much smaller signal from N-acetylaspartylglutamate. A putative measure of the amount of n ...
Chapter 2 - Monsignor Farrell High School
... • pituitary gland: gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland) • pineal gland: endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin • thyroid gland: endocrine gland found in ...
... • pituitary gland: gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland) • pineal gland: endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin • thyroid gland: endocrine gland found in ...
Visual Cortex and Control Processes Stimuli in Opposite Visual
... visual processing within occipital cortex. Each RF is typically exclusively contralateral within occipital areas, raising the question of whether attentional competition between stimuli in opposite visual hemifields can ever affect such low-level visual regions or only higher-level brain regions whe ...
... visual processing within occipital cortex. Each RF is typically exclusively contralateral within occipital areas, raising the question of whether attentional competition between stimuli in opposite visual hemifields can ever affect such low-level visual regions or only higher-level brain regions whe ...
Cerebral correlates of delta waves during non
... NREM sleep yielded markedly different results, and notably failed to detect any significant correlation of delta activity with rCBF in the thalamus. The discrepancy suggests that wakefulness data might indeed have played an important confounding effect in the identification of the cerebral correlate ...
... NREM sleep yielded markedly different results, and notably failed to detect any significant correlation of delta activity with rCBF in the thalamus. The discrepancy suggests that wakefulness data might indeed have played an important confounding effect in the identification of the cerebral correlate ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... is predicted by embodied theories, but it is also predicted by nonembodied theories of cognition. Therefore, even in the presence of an overlap, we must ask where the area of overlap is located. Postle and colleagues (2008) investigated the overlap between areas involved in action execution and area ...
... is predicted by embodied theories, but it is also predicted by nonembodied theories of cognition. Therefore, even in the presence of an overlap, we must ask where the area of overlap is located. Postle and colleagues (2008) investigated the overlap between areas involved in action execution and area ...
365 Brainy Fact-A
... between the lumbar vertebrae and into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, was introduced in 1891 by Heinrich Quinke. ...
... between the lumbar vertebrae and into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord, was introduced in 1891 by Heinrich Quinke. ...
State-dependent and cell type-specific temporal processing in
... state, the reduction in onset response variability in both AC and MGB was accompanied by cell typespecific firing, with decreased responses of cortical broad spiking cells, but increased responses of cortical narrow spiking cells. This onset response was followed by distinct temporal evolution in AC ...
... state, the reduction in onset response variability in both AC and MGB was accompanied by cell typespecific firing, with decreased responses of cortical broad spiking cells, but increased responses of cortical narrow spiking cells. This onset response was followed by distinct temporal evolution in AC ...
Optical brain imaging in vivo: techniques and applications from
... The obvious advantage of optical imaging over other modalities is reduced cost and infrastructure requirements 共such as shielded rooms and synchrotrons兲. However, a much more important distinction is that optical imaging offers such a broad range of contrast mechanisms. While fMRI, PET, and x-ray CT ...
... The obvious advantage of optical imaging over other modalities is reduced cost and infrastructure requirements 共such as shielded rooms and synchrotrons兲. However, a much more important distinction is that optical imaging offers such a broad range of contrast mechanisms. While fMRI, PET, and x-ray CT ...
Cortical projections to the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal
... system (NOT-DTN) along with the dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN) have been shown to play a role in controlling slow eye movements and in maintaining stable vision during head movements. Both nuclei are known to receive cortical input from striate and extrastriate cortex. To determine to what degr ...
... system (NOT-DTN) along with the dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN) have been shown to play a role in controlling slow eye movements and in maintaining stable vision during head movements. Both nuclei are known to receive cortical input from striate and extrastriate cortex. To determine to what degr ...
A Motion-sensitive Area in Ferret Extrastriate
... moved either on a circular path (6234 ms per cycle) in the frontoparallel plane or were expanding/contracting radially (7333 ms per cycle with the stimulus moving for 1634 ms in each direction; stimulus presentation was interrupted by two phases where dots first appeared on a black screen and paused ...
... moved either on a circular path (6234 ms per cycle) in the frontoparallel plane or were expanding/contracting radially (7333 ms per cycle with the stimulus moving for 1634 ms in each direction; stimulus presentation was interrupted by two phases where dots first appeared on a black screen and paused ...
Brain Stimulation for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
... signals to the cerebral cortex and is thought to be involved in the epileptogenic process. A number of studies have explored the therapeutical potential of thalamic stimulation for epilepsy treatment. Cooper and his colleagues stimulated the anterior thalamic nucleus to treat complex partial epileps ...
... signals to the cerebral cortex and is thought to be involved in the epileptogenic process. A number of studies have explored the therapeutical potential of thalamic stimulation for epilepsy treatment. Cooper and his colleagues stimulated the anterior thalamic nucleus to treat complex partial epileps ...
The role of brain in the regulation of glucose homeostasis
... glucose level of 5.6 mM or a brain glucose level of 2.1 mM and were completely silent when plasma glucose level rose to 10–12 mM or to a brain glucose level of 3.2–3.4 mM. Types 2 and 3 neurons were only inhibited by plasma glucose levels of 17 mM and higher. Type 4 neurons increases firing rate whe ...
... glucose level of 5.6 mM or a brain glucose level of 2.1 mM and were completely silent when plasma glucose level rose to 10–12 mM or to a brain glucose level of 3.2–3.4 mM. Types 2 and 3 neurons were only inhibited by plasma glucose levels of 17 mM and higher. Type 4 neurons increases firing rate whe ...
Basics of electromagnetic field mapping
... Figure 1: Examples of closed, open, and open-closed fields. Left: The populations are drawn. Right: Neurons representing the simultaneously activated pools are shown together with the arrows representing the lines of flow of current at the instant when the impulses have evaded the cell bodies. The ...
... Figure 1: Examples of closed, open, and open-closed fields. Left: The populations are drawn. Right: Neurons representing the simultaneously activated pools are shown together with the arrows representing the lines of flow of current at the instant when the impulses have evaded the cell bodies. The ...
Stimulus-Specific Adaptation in Auditory Cortex Is an NMDA
... (ERP) component elicited by a sound which deviates from a repeating pattern of recent sounds, and thought to be generated by a temporo-prefrontal network including auditory cortex. • This claim implies that auditory cortex units themselves play an integral role in novelty detection as indexed by the ...
... (ERP) component elicited by a sound which deviates from a repeating pattern of recent sounds, and thought to be generated by a temporo-prefrontal network including auditory cortex. • This claim implies that auditory cortex units themselves play an integral role in novelty detection as indexed by the ...
C6.4 PPT - Destiny High School
... • The brain is vitally important for directing the activity of the entire nervous system. • Structurally and functionally complex. • Adult brain weighs between 2.25lbs and 3.25lbs. • Contains roughly 100 billion neurons. • 4 Major anatomic regions of the brain: ...
... • The brain is vitally important for directing the activity of the entire nervous system. • Structurally and functionally complex. • Adult brain weighs between 2.25lbs and 3.25lbs. • Contains roughly 100 billion neurons. • 4 Major anatomic regions of the brain: ...
The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... The introduction of laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) has made it possible to examine the microcircuitry in other cortical areas with high efficiency. LSPS uses the photorelease of caged glutamate to map functional connections between a neuron and its presynap tic inputs in vitro4,5. This tech ...
... The introduction of laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) has made it possible to examine the microcircuitry in other cortical areas with high efficiency. LSPS uses the photorelease of caged glutamate to map functional connections between a neuron and its presynap tic inputs in vitro4,5. This tech ...
The representation of Kanizsa illusory contours in the monkey
... Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Dóm tér 10. Hungary Keywords: illusory contour, inferior temporal cortex, Kanizsa figures, rhesus monkey, shape selectivity ...
... Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720, Szeged, Dóm tér 10. Hungary Keywords: illusory contour, inferior temporal cortex, Kanizsa figures, rhesus monkey, shape selectivity ...
Towards the utilization of EEG as a brain imaging tool
... framework for the analysis of the signals. Instead of waveforms, the MEG community generally looks at the properties of the magnetic field outside the head and infers the sources and the temporal dynamics of these sources in the brain (Salmelin and Baillet, 2009; Williamson et al., 1991). It has been ...
... framework for the analysis of the signals. Instead of waveforms, the MEG community generally looks at the properties of the magnetic field outside the head and infers the sources and the temporal dynamics of these sources in the brain (Salmelin and Baillet, 2009; Williamson et al., 1991). It has been ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.