Sample
... 2-27. It is lunchtime and you anticipate a feast. Which component of the nervous system will control digestion of this feast? a) central b) somatic c) autonomic d) peripheral ANS: c, p. 44, F/D, Difficulty=1 2-28. Which physiological response results from activation of the sympathetic nervous system ...
... 2-27. It is lunchtime and you anticipate a feast. Which component of the nervous system will control digestion of this feast? a) central b) somatic c) autonomic d) peripheral ANS: c, p. 44, F/D, Difficulty=1 2-28. Which physiological response results from activation of the sympathetic nervous system ...
Neurologic System The nervous system Central and peripheral
... Two vertebral Venous Venous plexuses and dural sinuses Two internal jugular veins Brain (Cont.) Three major units Cerebrum Cerebellum Brainstem Cerebrum Two cerebral hemispheres, each divided into lobes, form the cerebrum. Gray outer layer (cerebral cortex) houses the higher mental functions and is ...
... Two vertebral Venous Venous plexuses and dural sinuses Two internal jugular veins Brain (Cont.) Three major units Cerebrum Cerebellum Brainstem Cerebrum Two cerebral hemispheres, each divided into lobes, form the cerebrum. Gray outer layer (cerebral cortex) houses the higher mental functions and is ...
View/Open
... rapid directional movements of the two eyes; and (4) into the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and surrounding basal regions of the brain, presumably to help control some of the body’s behavioral functions. Thus, the visual pathways can be divided roughly into an old system to the ...
... rapid directional movements of the two eyes; and (4) into the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and surrounding basal regions of the brain, presumably to help control some of the body’s behavioral functions. Thus, the visual pathways can be divided roughly into an old system to the ...
Subregions of the human superior frontal gyrus and their connections
... control network. Resting-state functional connectivity analysis further revealed that the SFGam was mainly correlated with the cognitive control network and the DMN; the SFGdl was correlated with the cognitive execution network and the DMN; and the SFGp was correlated with the sensorimotor-related b ...
... control network. Resting-state functional connectivity analysis further revealed that the SFGam was mainly correlated with the cognitive control network and the DMN; the SFGdl was correlated with the cognitive execution network and the DMN; and the SFGp was correlated with the sensorimotor-related b ...
Mirror Proposal 8-01 - USC - University of Southern California
... developing. F5 canonical neurons select via re-afferent connections visual neurons describing a variety of surfaces. Only those selected become AIP neurons that code affordances. Visual Feedback for Grasping: A Possible Precursor of the Mirror Property: We offer a new hypothesis for the generalizati ...
... developing. F5 canonical neurons select via re-afferent connections visual neurons describing a variety of surfaces. Only those selected become AIP neurons that code affordances. Visual Feedback for Grasping: A Possible Precursor of the Mirror Property: We offer a new hypothesis for the generalizati ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... Yet both views are similar in that they involve a cortical hierarchy in which premotor areas control various high-order aspects of movement, primary motor cortex decomposes movement into simple components in a body map, and these simple movement components are then communicated to the spinal cord fo ...
... Yet both views are similar in that they involve a cortical hierarchy in which premotor areas control various high-order aspects of movement, primary motor cortex decomposes movement into simple components in a body map, and these simple movement components are then communicated to the spinal cord fo ...
Anorexia nervosa during adolescence and young adulthood
... and placental infarction were all significant independent predictors of later occurrences of AN. Shoebridge and Gowers (2000) explored exposure to stress during pregnancy. Bloomfield et al. (2003) noted that moderate maternal food restriction around the time of conception results in an early fetal c ...
... and placental infarction were all significant independent predictors of later occurrences of AN. Shoebridge and Gowers (2000) explored exposure to stress during pregnancy. Bloomfield et al. (2003) noted that moderate maternal food restriction around the time of conception results in an early fetal c ...
Orbitofrontal Cortex Encodes Willingness to Pay
... competing with other individuals at an auction). To make good trades, individuals must be able to assign a WTP to an item that is commensurate to the benefits that it will generate. Otherwise they would end up purchasing items for a price that exceeds their worth to them. Despite its pervasiveness a ...
... competing with other individuals at an auction). To make good trades, individuals must be able to assign a WTP to an item that is commensurate to the benefits that it will generate. Otherwise they would end up purchasing items for a price that exceeds their worth to them. Despite its pervasiveness a ...
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... Activation of the cholinergic nucleus basalis, located in the basal forebrain (BasF), was used to gate cortical plasticity in each of the experiments described here. Using this technique, we have been able to generate distinct forms of cortical reorganization with only one independent variable: sens ...
... Activation of the cholinergic nucleus basalis, located in the basal forebrain (BasF), was used to gate cortical plasticity in each of the experiments described here. Using this technique, we have been able to generate distinct forms of cortical reorganization with only one independent variable: sens ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNA Expression in the Brain of the Teleost
... pairwise alignments, which revealed a high level of nucleotide (87–88% with other teleost fish) and protein (ranging from 79 to 97% for all species examined) identity between the cloned sequence and other BDNF sequences from various species but lower identity level (^58%) with other neurotrophin ami ...
... pairwise alignments, which revealed a high level of nucleotide (87–88% with other teleost fish) and protein (ranging from 79 to 97% for all species examined) identity between the cloned sequence and other BDNF sequences from various species but lower identity level (^58%) with other neurotrophin ami ...
The limbic system
... The limbic lobe situated at the inferomedial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres, consists of two concentric gyri surrounding the corpus callosum. Broca proposed that the larger outer gyrus be named “limbic gyrus” and the smaller inner one “the intralimbic gyrus”. The limbic gyrus (limbic lobe) consi ...
... The limbic lobe situated at the inferomedial aspect of the cerebral hemispheres, consists of two concentric gyri surrounding the corpus callosum. Broca proposed that the larger outer gyrus be named “limbic gyrus” and the smaller inner one “the intralimbic gyrus”. The limbic gyrus (limbic lobe) consi ...
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... the mature cortex. Pia (or pia mater). Innermost layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Preplate. Located between the pia and the ventricular zone, it contains the earliest born neurons and represents the beginning of corticogenesis prior to the emergence of the cortical pla ...
... the mature cortex. Pia (or pia mater). Innermost layer of the meninges that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Preplate. Located between the pia and the ventricular zone, it contains the earliest born neurons and represents the beginning of corticogenesis prior to the emergence of the cortical pla ...
The Neuroscience of Spontaneous Thought: An Evolving
... 2008), was discovered entirely accidentally. This ground-breaking discovery followed a metaanalysis of nine different Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies of “human visual information processing,” each with passive control conditions in which participants fixated on a crosshair or passively vi ...
... 2008), was discovered entirely accidentally. This ground-breaking discovery followed a metaanalysis of nine different Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies of “human visual information processing,” each with passive control conditions in which participants fixated on a crosshair or passively vi ...
22 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor System in Humans
... researchers also reported on many complex features of primary motor cortex organization, such as overlapping functional codes of different movements and dynamic changes of function performed by a particular cortical location. For example, Jackson (1873) noted that although a single part of the body ...
... researchers also reported on many complex features of primary motor cortex organization, such as overlapping functional codes of different movements and dynamic changes of function performed by a particular cortical location. For example, Jackson (1873) noted that although a single part of the body ...
Convergent grey and white matter evidence of
... patients with FTD and found a difference in the performance of the Go/No-go and Alternate Tapping subtests of the Frontal Assessment Battery. Using a short version of a Go/No-go paradigm, Torralva et al. (2009) found a significant difference between behavioural variant FTD and Alzheimer’s disease. I ...
... patients with FTD and found a difference in the performance of the Go/No-go and Alternate Tapping subtests of the Frontal Assessment Battery. Using a short version of a Go/No-go paradigm, Torralva et al. (2009) found a significant difference between behavioural variant FTD and Alzheimer’s disease. I ...
Ciccarelli 2: The Biological Perspective
... (thousandths of a second). At first the cell is resting; it then reaches threshold and an action potential is triggered. After a brief hyperpolarization period, the cell returns to its resting potential. ...
... (thousandths of a second). At first the cell is resting; it then reaches threshold and an action potential is triggered. After a brief hyperpolarization period, the cell returns to its resting potential. ...
PINP: A New Method of Tagging Neuronal Populations
... assess the functional roles of these subpopulations using conventional extracellular recording techniques because these techniques do not easily distinguish spikes from different neuronal populations. To overcome this limitation, we have developed PINP (Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Ne ...
... assess the functional roles of these subpopulations using conventional extracellular recording techniques because these techniques do not easily distinguish spikes from different neuronal populations. To overcome this limitation, we have developed PINP (Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Ne ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.