Warm pleasant feelings in the brain
... Indeed, warm and cold stimuli may be important prototypical primary, that is unlearned, reinforcers, and investigation of the neural mechanisms that are related to these stimuli and the feelings they arouse may provide a direct approach to understanding the brain mechanisms of emotion and indeed of ...
... Indeed, warm and cold stimuli may be important prototypical primary, that is unlearned, reinforcers, and investigation of the neural mechanisms that are related to these stimuli and the feelings they arouse may provide a direct approach to understanding the brain mechanisms of emotion and indeed of ...
Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex
... executive control. Impairments caused by damage to the prefrontal cortex are often called dysexecutive syndromes. Therefore, the prefrontal cortex is considered to play a significant role in executive control. Prefrontal participation to executive control can be partly explained by working memory th ...
... executive control. Impairments caused by damage to the prefrontal cortex are often called dysexecutive syndromes. Therefore, the prefrontal cortex is considered to play a significant role in executive control. Prefrontal participation to executive control can be partly explained by working memory th ...
A Master Key to Assess Stroke Consequences Across Species: The
... to perform the adhesive removal test in young rats (from post-natal day 20) (Bouet et al., 2010) – enlarging thus the range of application of the test to perinatal ischemic stroke. In this case, pups were submitted to a brain injury at the age of 7-days old. Thus, training to the task before injury ...
... to perform the adhesive removal test in young rats (from post-natal day 20) (Bouet et al., 2010) – enlarging thus the range of application of the test to perinatal ischemic stroke. In this case, pups were submitted to a brain injury at the age of 7-days old. Thus, training to the task before injury ...
Synaptogenesis in the human cortex occurs between - UvA-DARE
... development. It has been shown that EE enhances the number of neurons (cell survival) in the dentate gyrus, increases brain size, enhances gliogenesis, neurite branching and synapse formation in the cortex, and increases the synapse-to-neuron ratio (Reviewed in van Praag et al., 2000). A larger numb ...
... development. It has been shown that EE enhances the number of neurons (cell survival) in the dentate gyrus, increases brain size, enhances gliogenesis, neurite branching and synapse formation in the cortex, and increases the synapse-to-neuron ratio (Reviewed in van Praag et al., 2000). A larger numb ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... nuclei. Many of the neurons in these areas code for local aspects of any one scene, such as the orientation of an edge, or the colour and depth of a surface patch. Much of this information is ambiguous and is compatible with many different interpretations of the overall scene. In mathematical terms, ...
... nuclei. Many of the neurons in these areas code for local aspects of any one scene, such as the orientation of an edge, or the colour and depth of a surface patch. Much of this information is ambiguous and is compatible with many different interpretations of the overall scene. In mathematical terms, ...
18 Coordination in Behavior and Cognition
... must order themselves in new or different ways to accommodate current conditions. The patterns that emerge may be dened as attractor states of the collective variable dynamics; that is, the collective variable may converge in time to a certain limit set or attractor solution. Mathematically, system ...
... must order themselves in new or different ways to accommodate current conditions. The patterns that emerge may be dened as attractor states of the collective variable dynamics; that is, the collective variable may converge in time to a certain limit set or attractor solution. Mathematically, system ...
Pathways for emotions and memory prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey
... that have been implicated in emotion and specific aspects of memory. To address this issue, we investigated the relationship of input and output zones in the anterior thalamic nuclei linking them with functionally distinct orbitofrontal, medial, and lateral prefrontal cortices. We identified input z ...
... that have been implicated in emotion and specific aspects of memory. To address this issue, we investigated the relationship of input and output zones in the anterior thalamic nuclei linking them with functionally distinct orbitofrontal, medial, and lateral prefrontal cortices. We identified input z ...
The role of mirror neurons in cognition
... Mirror neurons are a class of brain cells fortuitously discovered in the premotor cortex of the macaque monkey that become active during both execution and observation of the same action. This straightforward property is what enabled these neurons to conquer the fields of cognitive science and becom ...
... Mirror neurons are a class of brain cells fortuitously discovered in the premotor cortex of the macaque monkey that become active during both execution and observation of the same action. This straightforward property is what enabled these neurons to conquer the fields of cognitive science and becom ...
A Double-labeling Investigation of the Afferent Connectivity to
... of their afferent connectivity. Anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques have demonstrated extensive redundancy in the connections of these visual areas. In other words, each area receives from several subcortical nuclei and cortical areas (see review in Bullier, 1985). The use of dual retrogra ...
... of their afferent connectivity. Anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques have demonstrated extensive redundancy in the connections of these visual areas. In other words, each area receives from several subcortical nuclei and cortical areas (see review in Bullier, 1985). The use of dual retrogra ...
Chapter 3
... integrate semivoluntary automatic movements – cerebellum helps make movements smooth & helps maintain posture & balance • Somatic motor pathways – direct pathway from cerebral cortex to spinal cord & out to muscles – indirect pathway includes synapses in basal ganglia, thalamus, reticular formation ...
... integrate semivoluntary automatic movements – cerebellum helps make movements smooth & helps maintain posture & balance • Somatic motor pathways – direct pathway from cerebral cortex to spinal cord & out to muscles – indirect pathway includes synapses in basal ganglia, thalamus, reticular formation ...
Chapter 3
... integrate semivoluntary automatic movements – cerebellum helps make movements smooth & helps maintain posture & balance • Somatic motor pathways – direct pathway from cerebral cortex to spinal cord & out to muscles – indirect pathway includes synapses in basal ganglia, thalamus, reticular formation ...
... integrate semivoluntary automatic movements – cerebellum helps make movements smooth & helps maintain posture & balance • Somatic motor pathways – direct pathway from cerebral cortex to spinal cord & out to muscles – indirect pathway includes synapses in basal ganglia, thalamus, reticular formation ...
BASAL GANGLIA
... A gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) pathway from caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus and substantia nigra. ...
... A gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) pathway from caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus and substantia nigra. ...
BASAL GANGLIA
... A gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) pathway from caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus and substantia nigra. ...
... A gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) pathway from caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus and substantia nigra. ...
Current Opinion in Neurobiology (2004)
... stimulus-reinforcer expectancies, that is, which showed reinforcer-specific activity in the presence of the odor cues, was lower in rats with BLA lesions than in intact rats. By contrast, OFC lesions had little effect on the proportion of such stimulus-reinforcer expectancy neurons in BLA. The two l ...
... stimulus-reinforcer expectancies, that is, which showed reinforcer-specific activity in the presence of the odor cues, was lower in rats with BLA lesions than in intact rats. By contrast, OFC lesions had little effect on the proportion of such stimulus-reinforcer expectancy neurons in BLA. The two l ...
Responses to irrational actions in action
... and Brass et al. (2007) examined responses to movies designed to be rational or irrational. Jastorff et al. (2010) correlated individual participants' ratings of action rationality with brain responses during observation. Here we will apply both methods to the same dataset. We predict that an analys ...
... and Brass et al. (2007) examined responses to movies designed to be rational or irrational. Jastorff et al. (2010) correlated individual participants' ratings of action rationality with brain responses during observation. Here we will apply both methods to the same dataset. We predict that an analys ...
Histamine neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus: a whole center
... Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy ...
... Dipartimento di Farmacologia Preclinica e Clinica, Universitá degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy ...
Developmental structure in brain evolution
... of multiple regressions on allometric data for 131 mammalian species, however, suggests that for 9 of 11 brain structures taxonomic and body size factors are less important than covariance of these major structures with each other. Which structure grows biggest is largely predicted by a conserved or ...
... of multiple regressions on allometric data for 131 mammalian species, however, suggests that for 9 of 11 brain structures taxonomic and body size factors are less important than covariance of these major structures with each other. Which structure grows biggest is largely predicted by a conserved or ...
Region-specific alterations of A-to-I RNA editing of
... high transcript levels across nearly all brain regions in adulthood. Co-labeling studies further showed that ADAR1- and ADAR2immunoreactive cells stained positive for neuronal nuclei and negative for GFAP, indicating that both ADAR enzymes specifically are expressed in neurons and not in most glial c ...
... high transcript levels across nearly all brain regions in adulthood. Co-labeling studies further showed that ADAR1- and ADAR2immunoreactive cells stained positive for neuronal nuclei and negative for GFAP, indicating that both ADAR enzymes specifically are expressed in neurons and not in most glial c ...
Mirror Neurons: Findings and Functions
... leads to an increased cerebral blood flow in the activated area. fMRI can spatially pinpoint a rise in blood flow to precisions of up to a mm (Huettel, Song, & McCarthy, 2009). Since it has a good spatial resolution, it can be used to measure indirectly neuronal activity in very specific areas. Of c ...
... leads to an increased cerebral blood flow in the activated area. fMRI can spatially pinpoint a rise in blood flow to precisions of up to a mm (Huettel, Song, & McCarthy, 2009). Since it has a good spatial resolution, it can be used to measure indirectly neuronal activity in very specific areas. Of c ...
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... Theories of temporal coding by cortical neurons are supported by observations that individual neurons can respond to sensory stimulation with millisecond precision and that activity in large populations is often highly correlated. Synchronization is highest between neurons with overlapping receptive ...
... Theories of temporal coding by cortical neurons are supported by observations that individual neurons can respond to sensory stimulation with millisecond precision and that activity in large populations is often highly correlated. Synchronization is highest between neurons with overlapping receptive ...
Neurodegenerative Changes in the Motor Cortex and Cerebellum in Wistar... Following Acute Pneumococcal Meningitis
... cortex and cerebellar tissue were selected for study. Tissue pieces were dehydrated in the ascending grades of ethyl alcohol and then cleared with Xylene. The tissue was further embedded in paraffin wax. Coronal sections of motor cortex and sagittal sections of cerebellum were taken at 5µm thickness ...
... cortex and cerebellar tissue were selected for study. Tissue pieces were dehydrated in the ascending grades of ethyl alcohol and then cleared with Xylene. The tissue was further embedded in paraffin wax. Coronal sections of motor cortex and sagittal sections of cerebellum were taken at 5µm thickness ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.