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... medial area (MA), the anterior-lateral area (ALA), the lateral area (LA) and the posterior area (PA) [5,6]. The non-primary areas are partly frequency-selective, but without a clearcut tonotopic organisation [17]. They tend to respond to more complex auditory stimuli, which characterise them as puta ...
... medial area (MA), the anterior-lateral area (ALA), the lateral area (LA) and the posterior area (PA) [5,6]. The non-primary areas are partly frequency-selective, but without a clearcut tonotopic organisation [17]. They tend to respond to more complex auditory stimuli, which characterise them as puta ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... Architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys, first mapped on the basis of cellular features, and the distribution of myelin (Brodmann, 1905; Vogt and Vogt, 1919; Walker, 1940; Von Bonin and Bailey, 1947; Sanides, 1970; Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Preuss and Goldman-Rakic, 1991; More ...
... Architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys, first mapped on the basis of cellular features, and the distribution of myelin (Brodmann, 1905; Vogt and Vogt, 1919; Walker, 1940; Von Bonin and Bailey, 1947; Sanides, 1970; Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Preuss and Goldman-Rakic, 1991; More ...
Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and
... doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00051.2015.—Actual or potentially threatening stimuli in the external environment (i.e., psychological stressors) trigger highly coordinated defensive behavioral responses that are accompanied by appropriate autonomic and respiratory changes. As discussed in this review, several ...
... doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00051.2015.—Actual or potentially threatening stimuli in the external environment (i.e., psychological stressors) trigger highly coordinated defensive behavioral responses that are accompanied by appropriate autonomic and respiratory changes. As discussed in this review, several ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System
... Contrast X-rays • Standard X-rays can’t be used for studying the brain because the brain is composed of many overlapping structures that all absorb X-rays to about the same degree • Contrast X-rays solve this problem in some cases; a radio-opaque material is introduced into the structure of interes ...
... Contrast X-rays • Standard X-rays can’t be used for studying the brain because the brain is composed of many overlapping structures that all absorb X-rays to about the same degree • Contrast X-rays solve this problem in some cases; a radio-opaque material is introduced into the structure of interes ...
Complete Pattern of Ocular Dominance Columns in Human Primary
... length of the binocular perimeter. All data are reported as mean ⫾ SD. Spatial averaging. The relationship between patches and columns can be quantified by measuring the distance from patch centers to column borders (Hübener et al., 1997; Duffy et al., 2007). However, patches in humans are less pun ...
... length of the binocular perimeter. All data are reported as mean ⫾ SD. Spatial averaging. The relationship between patches and columns can be quantified by measuring the distance from patch centers to column borders (Hübener et al., 1997; Duffy et al., 2007). However, patches in humans are less pun ...
The effects of normal aging on myelin and nerve fibers: A review
... degenerative, age-related alterations that affect the integrity of myelin sheaths. It should be pointed out however, that both of these changes are localized and do not extend along the entire length of an internode. This can be seen in longitudinal sections of affected nerve fibers (Fig. 4), and se ...
... degenerative, age-related alterations that affect the integrity of myelin sheaths. It should be pointed out however, that both of these changes are localized and do not extend along the entire length of an internode. This can be seen in longitudinal sections of affected nerve fibers (Fig. 4), and se ...
Sample
... 21. When a cell is “at rest,” it is in a state called the __________. a) stopping point b) obcipitation junction Incorrect. This is a fictitious word. c) resting potential Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called the resting potential. d) action potential ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The me ...
... 21. When a cell is “at rest,” it is in a state called the __________. a) stopping point b) obcipitation junction Incorrect. This is a fictitious word. c) resting potential Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called the resting potential. d) action potential ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The me ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... (Szwed et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2006). Dashed arcs represent collections of pathways and neuronal stations not relevant for this study (see Kleinfeld et al. 2006; Ahissar and Knutsen 2008). Two optional ways to open the motor-sensory loop are depicted. 1) Opening that preserves active touch (Black). T ...
... (Szwed et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2006). Dashed arcs represent collections of pathways and neuronal stations not relevant for this study (see Kleinfeld et al. 2006; Ahissar and Knutsen 2008). Two optional ways to open the motor-sensory loop are depicted. 1) Opening that preserves active touch (Black). T ...
Volitional enhancement of firing synchrony and oscillation
... accompanied by a correlated increase in the synchrony of the entrained neurons. This relation of LFP and neuronal firing can be explained by the fact that LFPs are produced by postsynaptic potentials, and periodicity in neuronal firing would be associated with periodicity in LFPs. They also document ...
... accompanied by a correlated increase in the synchrony of the entrained neurons. This relation of LFP and neuronal firing can be explained by the fact that LFPs are produced by postsynaptic potentials, and periodicity in neuronal firing would be associated with periodicity in LFPs. They also document ...
PDF file
... vector) states and learns the skills conditioned on each state, so that one skill learned from a particular context sequence can be correctly transfer to infinitely many equivalent context sequences in the future without a need for explicit learning. TCM Properties: The new work here proves a series ...
... vector) states and learns the skills conditioned on each state, so that one skill learned from a particular context sequence can be correctly transfer to infinitely many equivalent context sequences in the future without a need for explicit learning. TCM Properties: The new work here proves a series ...
Neurochemical organization of chimpanzee inferior pulvinar complex
... Povinelli, 2000). These studies make it clear that although humans share many features of brain organization and function with apes and monkeys, there are important differences as well. Documenting the patterns of similarities and difference is essential for understanding how results derived from no ...
... Povinelli, 2000). These studies make it clear that although humans share many features of brain organization and function with apes and monkeys, there are important differences as well. Documenting the patterns of similarities and difference is essential for understanding how results derived from no ...
Table of Contents
... (E) Peripheral . . central nervous system and the spinal cord C. Autonomic – sympathetic and parasympathetic Table of Contents ...
... (E) Peripheral . . central nervous system and the spinal cord C. Autonomic – sympathetic and parasympathetic Table of Contents ...
Deshpande_Gopikrishna_200708_phd
... neural effects. In addition, ILC is shown to be higher in the default mode network at rest which decreases significantly during a task. Finally, the linear ILC approach is complemented by the nonlinear approach and we show that the concept of embedding could also be used to study connectivity in loc ...
... neural effects. In addition, ILC is shown to be higher in the default mode network at rest which decreases significantly during a task. Finally, the linear ILC approach is complemented by the nonlinear approach and we show that the concept of embedding could also be used to study connectivity in loc ...
E ffects of different kinds of acute stress on nerve growth factor
... hippocampus, seems to be reduced [36]. In our experiment, we observed a significant reduction of NGF content in amygdala and frontal cortex only. Interestingly both brain regions, the amygdala and the frontal cortex, are implicated in processing of fear responses as well as in the activation of the ...
... hippocampus, seems to be reduced [36]. In our experiment, we observed a significant reduction of NGF content in amygdala and frontal cortex only. Interestingly both brain regions, the amygdala and the frontal cortex, are implicated in processing of fear responses as well as in the activation of the ...
Link
... studies on the cortical areas involved in saccade execution [23– 33], the investigation of the SC during the execution of saccadic eye movements has been limited to a few reports [25,34–36], mostly due to methodological challenges like insufficient spatial resolution and low signal-to-noise ratio fo ...
... studies on the cortical areas involved in saccade execution [23– 33], the investigation of the SC during the execution of saccadic eye movements has been limited to a few reports [25,34–36], mostly due to methodological challenges like insufficient spatial resolution and low signal-to-noise ratio fo ...
Barrel cortex function - Brain Research Institute
... neocortical circuits are involved in signal processing. The best way to do that is to investigate sensory systems, because the physical stimulus leading to activation of the cerebral cortex can be brought under tight experimental control. Measurement of neocortical information about a stimulus that ...
... neocortical circuits are involved in signal processing. The best way to do that is to investigate sensory systems, because the physical stimulus leading to activation of the cerebral cortex can be brought under tight experimental control. Measurement of neocortical information about a stimulus that ...
The GABAergic system in schizophrenia
... results in excessive dopaminergic input into corticolimbic regions (also see Carlsson et al., 2001) with resultant further hypofunctioning of the glutamatergic system through feedback mechanisms. Several classes of compounds, including benzodiazepines (BZD), muscurinic receptor antagonist and halope ...
... results in excessive dopaminergic input into corticolimbic regions (also see Carlsson et al., 2001) with resultant further hypofunctioning of the glutamatergic system through feedback mechanisms. Several classes of compounds, including benzodiazepines (BZD), muscurinic receptor antagonist and halope ...
J Neurophysiol - University of Connecticut
... anechoic chamber (IAC, Bronx, NY), with stimuli delivered via a closed, binaural speaker system (diaphragms from Stax, Japan). Simultaneous extracellular recordings were made in the thalamorecipient layers (IIIb/IV) of the primary auditory cortex (AI) and in the ventral division of the medial genicu ...
... anechoic chamber (IAC, Bronx, NY), with stimuli delivered via a closed, binaural speaker system (diaphragms from Stax, Japan). Simultaneous extracellular recordings were made in the thalamorecipient layers (IIIb/IV) of the primary auditory cortex (AI) and in the ventral division of the medial genicu ...
Caudo‐rostral brain spreading of α‐synuclein through vagal
... a-Synuclein accumulation and pathology in Parkinson’s disease typically display a caudo-rostral pattern of progression, involving neuronal nuclei in the medulla oblongata at the earliest stages. In this study, selective expression and accumulation of human a-synuclein within medullary neurons was ac ...
... a-Synuclein accumulation and pathology in Parkinson’s disease typically display a caudo-rostral pattern of progression, involving neuronal nuclei in the medulla oblongata at the earliest stages. In this study, selective expression and accumulation of human a-synuclein within medullary neurons was ac ...
THESIS D - Krishikosh
... constant inspiration of my wife Dr. Sanjivani and my lovely son Arjun who makes my life happy and memorable and for rendering help during the course of study and making it possible for me to complete what I started. During my study in this esteemed institute I was fortunate to receive the kind of co ...
... constant inspiration of my wife Dr. Sanjivani and my lovely son Arjun who makes my life happy and memorable and for rendering help during the course of study and making it possible for me to complete what I started. During my study in this esteemed institute I was fortunate to receive the kind of co ...
Human brain
The human brain is the main organ of the human nervous system. It is located in the head, protected by the skull. It has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but with a more developed cerebral cortex. Large animals such as whales and elephants have larger brains in absolute terms, but when measured using a measure of relative brain size, which compensates for body size, the quotient for the human brain is almost twice as large as that of a bottlenose dolphin, and three times as large as that of a chimpanzee. Much of the size of the human brain comes from the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes, which are associated with executive functions such as self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought. The area of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, the visual cortex, is also greatly enlarged in humans compared to other animals.The human cerebral cortex is a thick layer of neural tissue that covers most of the brain. This layer is folded in a way that increases the amount of surface that can fit into the volume available. The pattern of folds is similar across individuals, although there are many small variations. The cortex is divided into four lobes – the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. (Some classification systems also include a limbic lobe and treat the insular cortex as a lobe.) Within each lobe are numerous cortical areas, each associated with a particular function, including vision, motor control, and language. The left and right sides of the cortex are broadly similar in shape, and most cortical areas are replicated on both sides. Some areas, though, show strong lateralization, particularly areas that are involved in language. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, with the right hemisphere playing only a minor role. There are other functions, such as visual-spatial ability, for which the right hemisphere is usually dominant.Despite being protected by the thick bones of the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier, the human brain is susceptible to damage and disease. The most common forms of physical damage are closed head injuries such as a blow to the head, a stroke, or poisoning by a variety of chemicals which can act as neurotoxins, such as ethanol alcohol. Infection of the brain, though serious, is rare because of the biological barriers which protect it. The human brain is also susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, (mostly as the result of aging) and multiple sclerosis. A number of psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions, although the nature of these is not well understood. The brain can also be the site of brain tumors and these can be benign or malignant.There are some techniques for studying the brain that are used in other animals that are just not suitable for use in humans and vice versa. It is easier to obtain individual brain cells taken from other animals, for study. It is also possible to use invasive techniques in other animals such as inserting electrodes into the brain or disabling certains parts of the brain in order to examine the effects on behaviour – techniques that are not possible to be used in humans. However, only humans can respond to complex verbal instructions or be of use in the study of important brain functions such as language and other complex cognitive tasks, but studies from humans and from other animals, can be of mutual help. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging and EEG recordings are important techniques in studying the brain. The complete functional understanding of the human brain is an ongoing challenge for neuroscience.