Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety
... panic, as well as having general relevance to the study of learning and memory. However, it should be emphasized that restricting this review to fear conditioning does not mean that this is the only function of the amygdala. On the contrary, this complex structure is also involved critically in atte ...
... panic, as well as having general relevance to the study of learning and memory. However, it should be emphasized that restricting this review to fear conditioning does not mean that this is the only function of the amygdala. On the contrary, this complex structure is also involved critically in atte ...
Localization of the GABA, Receptor in the Rat Brain with a
... and medium geniculate nuclei, and the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, among other areas, were rich in GABA, receptor immunoreactivity. In the cerebellum the granule cell layer had more immunoreactivity than did the molecular layer. In the hippocampus the receptor was most abundant in the stratum ...
... and medium geniculate nuclei, and the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, among other areas, were rich in GABA, receptor immunoreactivity. In the cerebellum the granule cell layer had more immunoreactivity than did the molecular layer. In the hippocampus the receptor was most abundant in the stratum ...
Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Neurons Burst with Theta during
... shown). A corresponding theta peak was evident on the EEG spectra in these regions (Fig. 3F ). The rhythmic burst discharge and cross-correlated theta activity were less consistently evident during active waking epochs than during PS epochs because of the transient appearance of theta activity, whic ...
... shown). A corresponding theta peak was evident on the EEG spectra in these regions (Fig. 3F ). The rhythmic burst discharge and cross-correlated theta activity were less consistently evident during active waking epochs than during PS epochs because of the transient appearance of theta activity, whic ...
The anatomy, physiology and functions of the
... neurons responded best to highly complex colored stimuli; however, no attempt has been made to rigorously characterize the optimal stimulus for these neurons (but see [18’]). Like responses of neurons in area TE [19**], the visual responses of perirhinal neurons were invariant for changes in size or ...
... neurons responded best to highly complex colored stimuli; however, no attempt has been made to rigorously characterize the optimal stimulus for these neurons (but see [18’]). Like responses of neurons in area TE [19**], the visual responses of perirhinal neurons were invariant for changes in size or ...
An Overview on the Physiologic Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous
... “fight-or-flight” reactions and during exercise. 9 The parasympathetic system is predominant during quiet conditions (“rest and digest”). As such, the physiological effects caused by each system are quite predictable. 9 In other words, all of the changes in organ and tissue function induced by the s ...
... “fight-or-flight” reactions and during exercise. 9 The parasympathetic system is predominant during quiet conditions (“rest and digest”). As such, the physiological effects caused by each system are quite predictable. 9 In other words, all of the changes in organ and tissue function induced by the s ...
Biological Rhythms: 2 Day Circadian Examples Biorhythms
... • Causes can be “mechanical” or neurological, and include obesity, use of drugs/meds that increase muscle relaxation, genetics, old age, and deterioration of the brain mechanisms that control breathing. • Related to SIDs ...
... • Causes can be “mechanical” or neurological, and include obesity, use of drugs/meds that increase muscle relaxation, genetics, old age, and deterioration of the brain mechanisms that control breathing. • Related to SIDs ...
Neural integration
... Primary motor cortex corresponds point by point with specific regions of the body Cortical areas have been mapped out in diagrammatic form Homunculus provides indication of degree of fine motor control available: – hands, face, and tongue, which are capable of varied and complex movements, app ...
... Primary motor cortex corresponds point by point with specific regions of the body Cortical areas have been mapped out in diagrammatic form Homunculus provides indication of degree of fine motor control available: – hands, face, and tongue, which are capable of varied and complex movements, app ...
Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction
... times (SSRT) in ADHD (Cohen’s effect size, dZ0.58) [18]. However, several potential confounds complicate the interpretation of this difference. First, children with ADHD also exhibit significantly slower RTs to Go stimuli (dZ0.52) which may disproportionately influence the calculation of the SSRT. S ...
... times (SSRT) in ADHD (Cohen’s effect size, dZ0.58) [18]. However, several potential confounds complicate the interpretation of this difference. First, children with ADHD also exhibit significantly slower RTs to Go stimuli (dZ0.52) which may disproportionately influence the calculation of the SSRT. S ...
Phosphorus and proton magnetic resonance
... volume corrected concentrations of low-energy metabolites and high-energy phosphates with sufficient resolution to focus on pathology related target areas in Parkinson’s disease. Combined phosphorus and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in the mesostriatal region was performed in 16 ea ...
... volume corrected concentrations of low-energy metabolites and high-energy phosphates with sufficient resolution to focus on pathology related target areas in Parkinson’s disease. Combined phosphorus and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in the mesostriatal region was performed in 16 ea ...
Neuronal fiber tracts connecting the brain and ventral nerve cord of
... behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) and subesophageal ganglion (CPGs controlling behaviors involving the mouth parts; Burrows, 1996; Heinrich, 2002). Given that many behaviors make use of the same muscles/ motor neurons (e.g., wing beating in flies is part of flight and matin ...
... behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) and subesophageal ganglion (CPGs controlling behaviors involving the mouth parts; Burrows, 1996; Heinrich, 2002). Given that many behaviors make use of the same muscles/ motor neurons (e.g., wing beating in flies is part of flight and matin ...
Stages of Sleep And Brain Mechanisms
... – Caused by a number of factors including noise, stress, pain medication. – Can also be the result of disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, depression, anxiety or other psychiatric conditions. – Dependence on sleeping pills and shifts in the circadian rhythms can also result in insomnia. ...
... – Caused by a number of factors including noise, stress, pain medication. – Can also be the result of disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, depression, anxiety or other psychiatric conditions. – Dependence on sleeping pills and shifts in the circadian rhythms can also result in insomnia. ...
Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning induces tolerance against brain
... injury, even in the ischemic core. Since HBO-PC stimulates ROS production, it is plausible that increased levels of ROS stimulate the induction of the catalase gene. As for GSH-px activity, no significant difference was observed between MCAO group and HBO-PC + MCAO group at 24 h after ischemia– repe ...
... injury, even in the ischemic core. Since HBO-PC stimulates ROS production, it is plausible that increased levels of ROS stimulate the induction of the catalase gene. As for GSH-px activity, no significant difference was observed between MCAO group and HBO-PC + MCAO group at 24 h after ischemia– repe ...
Open Questions on Mind, Genes, Consciousness
... Figure 16.2 illustrates an approach to in silico research in psychosocial genomics by integrating data from the Allen Brain Atlas of Gene Expression with the psychosocial level. Figure 16.2 was assembled by juxtaposing chronobiological relationships between circadian and ultradian profiles of gene e ...
... Figure 16.2 illustrates an approach to in silico research in psychosocial genomics by integrating data from the Allen Brain Atlas of Gene Expression with the psychosocial level. Figure 16.2 was assembled by juxtaposing chronobiological relationships between circadian and ultradian profiles of gene e ...
characterisation of dopamine neurons of the murine ventral
... neurons originating from this region project and receive input from various other brain regions and through several neurotransmitter systems. The attention was concentrated on the excitatory modulation suggested to regulate important functions of synaptic plasticity, which have been associated with ...
... neurons originating from this region project and receive input from various other brain regions and through several neurotransmitter systems. The attention was concentrated on the excitatory modulation suggested to regulate important functions of synaptic plasticity, which have been associated with ...
Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate
... glutamatergic projections with complementary distribution patterns and functional roles (Kaneko and Fujiyama, 2002a; Varoqui et al., 2002). In sensory systems, however, their segregation is not complete. In the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of mice, Graziano et al. (2008) reported that the lamin ...
... glutamatergic projections with complementary distribution patterns and functional roles (Kaneko and Fujiyama, 2002a; Varoqui et al., 2002). In sensory systems, however, their segregation is not complete. In the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of mice, Graziano et al. (2008) reported that the lamin ...
A Neuroscientific Approach to Emotion System for Intelligent Agents.
... simultaneous expression of emotions and the ways they are expressed. In this section, we briefly introduce neuroscientific approaches to understanding human affective system. Since the triune brain model [4] had been proposed, many people assumed that the limbic system is the source of emotions. How ...
... simultaneous expression of emotions and the ways they are expressed. In this section, we briefly introduce neuroscientific approaches to understanding human affective system. Since the triune brain model [4] had been proposed, many people assumed that the limbic system is the source of emotions. How ...
PDF of this article
... al. (26) have demonstrated that complete lesioning of the globus pallidus causes a slight increase in the firing rate of subthalamic neurons, which is far less pronounced than the increase observed in animals with nigrostriatal damage. These data suggest that an additional, if not alternative, expla ...
... al. (26) have demonstrated that complete lesioning of the globus pallidus causes a slight increase in the firing rate of subthalamic neurons, which is far less pronounced than the increase observed in animals with nigrostriatal damage. These data suggest that an additional, if not alternative, expla ...
DescendSC10
... 3rd and 4th components: basal ganglia and cerebellum do not project directly to motor neurons, but rather, synapse on descending pathways and have a very important influence. ...
... 3rd and 4th components: basal ganglia and cerebellum do not project directly to motor neurons, but rather, synapse on descending pathways and have a very important influence. ...
Cocaine and Amphetamines (PDF Available)
... located in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain. These neurons send axons to portions of both the frontal cortex, which plays a role in memory and other complex aspects of information processing, and limbic system. An important limbic target is the nucleus accumbens. Dopamine release in this a ...
... located in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain. These neurons send axons to portions of both the frontal cortex, which plays a role in memory and other complex aspects of information processing, and limbic system. An important limbic target is the nucleus accumbens. Dopamine release in this a ...
Aberrant changes of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in brain of a
... investigate the distribution and expression of SST and NPY in TRM brains, including hippocampus, temporal lobe cortex and cerebellum. Our RT‑PCR data showed that up‑regulated mRNA expression of SST and NPY was discovered in TRM hippocampus and temporal lobe cortex compared with control (Wistar) rats ...
... investigate the distribution and expression of SST and NPY in TRM brains, including hippocampus, temporal lobe cortex and cerebellum. Our RT‑PCR data showed that up‑regulated mRNA expression of SST and NPY was discovered in TRM hippocampus and temporal lobe cortex compared with control (Wistar) rats ...
mechanism of action of anxiolytics
... peptide that plays an important role in mediating the body’s physiologic and behavioral responses to stress (1). Figure 68.1 illustrates that this role of CRF may be mediated by multiple sites of action. As a secretagogue, CRF stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pit ...
... peptide that plays an important role in mediating the body’s physiologic and behavioral responses to stress (1). Figure 68.1 illustrates that this role of CRF may be mediated by multiple sites of action. As a secretagogue, CRF stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pit ...
D5 (Not D1) Dopamine Receptors Potentiate Burst
... -conotoxins, and calciseptine) were used to identify the target of D5 receptors as an L-type channel. This was reached via G-protein and protein kinase A. The action of dopamine on D5 receptors therefore shapes neuronal activity. It contributes to normal information processing in basal ganglia outs ...
... -conotoxins, and calciseptine) were used to identify the target of D5 receptors as an L-type channel. This was reached via G-protein and protein kinase A. The action of dopamine on D5 receptors therefore shapes neuronal activity. It contributes to normal information processing in basal ganglia outs ...
Cortical Maps - White Rose Research Online
... the preference of a neuron is the value of the parameter that elicits the maximum response in the neuron. For example, a visual cortex neuron might have a preference for edges at a particular location on the retina, of a particular orientation. The selectivity is then usually defined as the ratio be ...
... the preference of a neuron is the value of the parameter that elicits the maximum response in the neuron. For example, a visual cortex neuron might have a preference for edges at a particular location on the retina, of a particular orientation. The selectivity is then usually defined as the ratio be ...