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... critical roles in human affective disorders as it is robustly activated by stressful stimuli and required for persistent behavioral responses to stress (e.g. increased anxiety). However, the LS is a large, highly heterogeneous structure containing tens if not hundreds of distinct cell types that als ...
... critical roles in human affective disorders as it is robustly activated by stressful stimuli and required for persistent behavioral responses to stress (e.g. increased anxiety). However, the LS is a large, highly heterogeneous structure containing tens if not hundreds of distinct cell types that als ...
The Neuropsychopharmacology of Stimulants
... systems. Caffeine is poorly studied in ADHD but appears to help alertness more than actual symptoms of ADHD (Smith 2002). Glutamate has recently been implicated from both neuroimaging and neuroscience. One open labeled trial has shown that glutamate modulating drugs, such as NMDA antagonist memantin ...
... systems. Caffeine is poorly studied in ADHD but appears to help alertness more than actual symptoms of ADHD (Smith 2002). Glutamate has recently been implicated from both neuroimaging and neuroscience. One open labeled trial has shown that glutamate modulating drugs, such as NMDA antagonist memantin ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... However, the volume of research on voltage- and ligand-gated channels is orders of magnitude higher than what has been devoted to the study of neuronal ion transporters. This bias has no rational foundation: it does not reflect a difference in the impact or versatility of their functions. What is of ...
... However, the volume of research on voltage- and ligand-gated channels is orders of magnitude higher than what has been devoted to the study of neuronal ion transporters. This bias has no rational foundation: it does not reflect a difference in the impact or versatility of their functions. What is of ...
High reward expectancy during methylphenidate depresses the
... level. Second, previous studies used task paradigms in which participants learn to improve performance. Such tasks engage other systems beyond the striatum that modulate striatal activity and are themselves modulated by dopaminergic manipulations. In our gambling paradigm (Camara et al., 2010), part ...
... level. Second, previous studies used task paradigms in which participants learn to improve performance. Such tasks engage other systems beyond the striatum that modulate striatal activity and are themselves modulated by dopaminergic manipulations. In our gambling paradigm (Camara et al., 2010), part ...
R eelin is expressed in the accessory olfactory system, but is not a
... used as a model for neuronal development for over 50 years. Characteristics of the mutant include abnormal lamination of the cerebral, cerebellar, and hippocampal cortices and neuronal ectopia in several brainstem nuclei [12]. The mice display motor dysfunctions including tremor, dystonia, and ataxi ...
... used as a model for neuronal development for over 50 years. Characteristics of the mutant include abnormal lamination of the cerebral, cerebellar, and hippocampal cortices and neuronal ectopia in several brainstem nuclei [12]. The mice display motor dysfunctions including tremor, dystonia, and ataxi ...
The Nervous System
... 4. contains center for controlling appetite, wakefulness, pleasure, etc ii. structure and function of the thalamus 1. dumbbell-shaped mass of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere 2. relays sensory impulse to cerebral cortex sensory areas 3. in some way produces the emotions of pleasantness or unp ...
... 4. contains center for controlling appetite, wakefulness, pleasure, etc ii. structure and function of the thalamus 1. dumbbell-shaped mass of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere 2. relays sensory impulse to cerebral cortex sensory areas 3. in some way produces the emotions of pleasantness or unp ...
Ciccarelli 2: The Biological Perspective
... – dendrites: branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons – soma: the cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell – axon: long, tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells ...
... – dendrites: branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons – soma: the cell body of the neuron, responsible for maintaining the life of the cell – axon: long, tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells ...
Epilepsy - OMICS International
... History of Epilepsy The overwhelming nature of epilepsy has challenged the scientific community for thousands of years, all the while contributing to critical scientific advances [2]. Despite epilepsy’s uncanny characteristics, [3] Hippocrates (400 BCE) claimed that this phenomenon was “no more divi ...
... History of Epilepsy The overwhelming nature of epilepsy has challenged the scientific community for thousands of years, all the while contributing to critical scientific advances [2]. Despite epilepsy’s uncanny characteristics, [3] Hippocrates (400 BCE) claimed that this phenomenon was “no more divi ...
Neuroethology of reward and decision making
... often the case in economics, MacArthur and Pianka’s simple model does not perfectly describe behaviour in the real world. While the formal mathematical derivation of the prey model predicts a step-like change in preference, in which one type of prey is always preferred to the exclusion of the other ...
... often the case in economics, MacArthur and Pianka’s simple model does not perfectly describe behaviour in the real world. While the formal mathematical derivation of the prey model predicts a step-like change in preference, in which one type of prey is always preferred to the exclusion of the other ...
The representation of Kanizsa illusory contours in the monkey
... Stimulus reduction is an effective way to study visual performance. Cues such as surface characteristics, colour and inner lines can be removed from stimuli, revealing how the change affects recognition and neural processing. An extreme reduction is the removal of the very stimulus, defining it with ...
... Stimulus reduction is an effective way to study visual performance. Cues such as surface characteristics, colour and inner lines can be removed from stimuli, revealing how the change affects recognition and neural processing. An extreme reduction is the removal of the very stimulus, defining it with ...
Chapter 2 - Monsignor Farrell High School
... • pituitary gland: gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland) • pineal gland: endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin • thyroid gland: endocrine gland found in ...
... • pituitary gland: gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland) • pineal gland: endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum that secretes melatonin • thyroid gland: endocrine gland found in ...
Functional Organization of Ferret Auditory Cortex
... Spike sorting was performed offline. Only signals with an amplitude three times that of the noise were recorded by the data acquisition software as ‘spikes’. Units were isolated from the digitized signal by manually clustering data according to spike features, such as amplitude, width and area. We al ...
... Spike sorting was performed offline. Only signals with an amplitude three times that of the noise were recorded by the data acquisition software as ‘spikes’. Units were isolated from the digitized signal by manually clustering data according to spike features, such as amplitude, width and area. We al ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
Post-pubertal Emergence of Prefrontal Cortical Up
... Spontaneous plateau depolarizations were observed sporadically during baseline recordings. These events lasted 452.9 ± 122.2 ms and occurred about once every 12 min (0.0014 ± 0.0004 Hz, n = 16). Spontaneous depolarizations were not observed in slices from immature animals (PD < 40, n = 26). Because ...
... Spontaneous plateau depolarizations were observed sporadically during baseline recordings. These events lasted 452.9 ± 122.2 ms and occurred about once every 12 min (0.0014 ± 0.0004 Hz, n = 16). Spontaneous depolarizations were not observed in slices from immature animals (PD < 40, n = 26). Because ...
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... stimulation by melatonin (Chuang et al. 1993). Chronic administration of melatonin, similarly like N-acetylcysteine, decreased blood pressure and heart rate and improved the chronotropic response to isoproterenol, in association with the inhibition of sympathetic activity (Girouard et al. 2003). In ...
... stimulation by melatonin (Chuang et al. 1993). Chronic administration of melatonin, similarly like N-acetylcysteine, decreased blood pressure and heart rate and improved the chronotropic response to isoproterenol, in association with the inhibition of sympathetic activity (Girouard et al. 2003). In ...
Dysphagia in the Elderly
... group directly projects on to in the cerebral cortex as the cortical deglutition area. The cortical deglutition area, which is observed bilaterally in the fronto-orbital gyrus, may exert promotive or inhibitory effects on the sequence of the swallowing reflex triggered by stimulation of the pharynge ...
... group directly projects on to in the cerebral cortex as the cortical deglutition area. The cortical deglutition area, which is observed bilaterally in the fronto-orbital gyrus, may exert promotive or inhibitory effects on the sequence of the swallowing reflex triggered by stimulation of the pharynge ...
Neurons in the dorsal column nuclei of the rat emit a moderate
... et al. 1990; Usunoff et al. 1999), and clinical observations indicate that ipsilaterally projecting spinothalamic neurons exist also in humans (reviewed by Nathan et al. 2001). In the rat, the ipsilateral spinothalamic projection is significant: according to Burstein et al. (1990), the ipsilaterally p ...
... et al. 1990; Usunoff et al. 1999), and clinical observations indicate that ipsilaterally projecting spinothalamic neurons exist also in humans (reviewed by Nathan et al. 2001). In the rat, the ipsilateral spinothalamic projection is significant: according to Burstein et al. (1990), the ipsilaterally p ...
Movement disorders
... the half-life of the drug. This loss of benefit is known as the wearing-off effect. At the same time, many patients develop dyskinesia, these tend to occur at the time of maximal clinical benefit and peak plasma concentration (peak-dose dyskinesia). In more advanced states, patients may cycle betwee ...
... the half-life of the drug. This loss of benefit is known as the wearing-off effect. At the same time, many patients develop dyskinesia, these tend to occur at the time of maximal clinical benefit and peak plasma concentration (peak-dose dyskinesia). In more advanced states, patients may cycle betwee ...
BRAINSTEM
... which contain information from the same peripheral location on the body and same class of peripheral sensory receptor. Axons from VP nuclei synapse in deep portion of layer 3 and throughout 4. Cortex corresponds to contralateral side of the body. The cortex is somatotopically organized with dispropo ...
... which contain information from the same peripheral location on the body and same class of peripheral sensory receptor. Axons from VP nuclei synapse in deep portion of layer 3 and throughout 4. Cortex corresponds to contralateral side of the body. The cortex is somatotopically organized with dispropo ...
FREE Sample Here
... REF: Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 3-Explain how an action potential is generated. TOP: MOD: 2.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual 37. Which of the following statements is TRUE about neurotransmitters? a. Neurotransmitters affect the physiological, but not the psychological, functioning of the ...
... REF: Neurons: The Body’s Wiring OBJ: 3-Explain how an action potential is generated. TOP: MOD: 2.1 KEY: Evaluate/Explain MSC: conceptual 37. Which of the following statements is TRUE about neurotransmitters? a. Neurotransmitters affect the physiological, but not the psychological, functioning of the ...
chapter 4 the evolution of body, brain, behavior, and mind in
... our limbs and digits provides us with an important lesson regarding our evolutionary origins. The biblical story is that we are God’s special creation. God created man with a mission: to obey and live by His commandments, adulate and worship Him, and contemplate His wisdom. Intuitively, this creatio ...
... our limbs and digits provides us with an important lesson regarding our evolutionary origins. The biblical story is that we are God’s special creation. God created man with a mission: to obey and live by His commandments, adulate and worship Him, and contemplate His wisdom. Intuitively, this creatio ...
Document
... – Involved in language processing to enable particular sequences of sound to be identified and comprehended as meaningful words – Damage Wernicke's area leads to receptive or sensory aphasia which is primarily a difficulty in understanding language ...
... – Involved in language processing to enable particular sequences of sound to be identified and comprehended as meaningful words – Damage Wernicke's area leads to receptive or sensory aphasia which is primarily a difficulty in understanding language ...
Late-onset Parkinsonism in NFjB/c-Rel
... difference in staining intensity among animals. All pictures were captured within the same session in order to avoid any difference in any differences in lighting conditions. In each section, the entire left and right substantia nigra pars compacta were analysed, whereas for the striatum evaluation, ...
... difference in staining intensity among animals. All pictures were captured within the same session in order to avoid any difference in any differences in lighting conditions. In each section, the entire left and right substantia nigra pars compacta were analysed, whereas for the striatum evaluation, ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... Medial prefrontal cortices in primates have been associated with emotion, memory, and complex cognitive processes. Here we investigated whether the pattern of cortical connections could indicate whether the medial prefrontal cortex constitutes a homogeneous region, or if it can be parceled into dist ...
... Medial prefrontal cortices in primates have been associated with emotion, memory, and complex cognitive processes. Here we investigated whether the pattern of cortical connections could indicate whether the medial prefrontal cortex constitutes a homogeneous region, or if it can be parceled into dist ...