neuronal coding of prediction errors
... outcomes (reward, punishment, behavioral reactions, external stimuli, internal states). Outcomes whose magnitude or frequency is different than predicted modify behavior in a direction that reduces the discrepancy between the outcome and its prediction. Changes in predictions and behavior continue u ...
... outcomes (reward, punishment, behavioral reactions, external stimuli, internal states). Outcomes whose magnitude or frequency is different than predicted modify behavior in a direction that reduces the discrepancy between the outcome and its prediction. Changes in predictions and behavior continue u ...
Expression of ml-m4 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Proteins in
... 1974; Bartus et al., 1982; Fibiger, 1991; Dekker et al., 1991; Nilsson et al., 1992; Callahan et al., 1993). Also, degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic systems may contribute to memory loss and other cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (Coyle et al., 1983). Indeed, the potential for cho ...
... 1974; Bartus et al., 1982; Fibiger, 1991; Dekker et al., 1991; Nilsson et al., 1992; Callahan et al., 1993). Also, degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic systems may contribute to memory loss and other cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (Coyle et al., 1983). Indeed, the potential for cho ...
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... Expression of NPY-ir neurons in IN during the preovulatory phase of the cycle could be due to the increased synthesis of the peptide. However, the activity of mRNA for NPY during the oestrous cycle is not known in sheep. It the rat, prepro-NPY mRNA levels increased only on the afternoon of proestrus ...
... Expression of NPY-ir neurons in IN during the preovulatory phase of the cycle could be due to the increased synthesis of the peptide. However, the activity of mRNA for NPY during the oestrous cycle is not known in sheep. It the rat, prepro-NPY mRNA levels increased only on the afternoon of proestrus ...
Somatotopic mapping of natural upper- and lower
... gamma (HG) frequency range (>60 Hz) constitute a spatially, temporally, and functionally-specific index of cortical processing in ECoG (Crone et al., 1998, 2001a,b; Leuthardt et al., 2012; Miller et al., 2007a; Pfurtscheller et al., 2003), electroencephalography (EEG; Ball et al., 2008), and magnetoe ...
... gamma (HG) frequency range (>60 Hz) constitute a spatially, temporally, and functionally-specific index of cortical processing in ECoG (Crone et al., 1998, 2001a,b; Leuthardt et al., 2012; Miller et al., 2007a; Pfurtscheller et al., 2003), electroencephalography (EEG; Ball et al., 2008), and magnetoe ...
Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and
... chiefly due to inactivation. This causes a decline of the excitatory inflow of impulses to the superficial cortical structures. This disfacilitation gives rise to a positive field potential at the cortical surface. In this manner, a massive afferent inflow of impulses provides the basis for a correl ...
... chiefly due to inactivation. This causes a decline of the excitatory inflow of impulses to the superficial cortical structures. This disfacilitation gives rise to a positive field potential at the cortical surface. In this manner, a massive afferent inflow of impulses provides the basis for a correl ...
Appetitive associative learning recruits a distinct
... water except when otherwise noted. The colony room was maintained at 21 °C on a 12-h light/dark cycle (lights on 06:00) and all behavioral testing was conducted during the light phase of the cycle. Rats were given 1 week to acclimate to the colony room during which time they were handled and weighed ...
... water except when otherwise noted. The colony room was maintained at 21 °C on a 12-h light/dark cycle (lights on 06:00) and all behavioral testing was conducted during the light phase of the cycle. Rats were given 1 week to acclimate to the colony room during which time they were handled and weighed ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Coding of Object Location in
... (Szwed et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2006). Dashed arcs represent collections of pathways and neuronal stations not relevant for this study (see Kleinfeld et al. 2006; Ahissar and Knutsen 2008). Two optional ways to open the motor-sensory loop are depicted. 1) Opening that preserves active touch (Black). T ...
... (Szwed et al. 2003; Yu et al. 2006). Dashed arcs represent collections of pathways and neuronal stations not relevant for this study (see Kleinfeld et al. 2006; Ahissar and Knutsen 2008). Two optional ways to open the motor-sensory loop are depicted. 1) Opening that preserves active touch (Black). T ...
Neuropeptidergic Organization of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in
... the SCN, or microstimulation of the IGL, will both cause phase advances or delays depending on circadian phase. The phase response curve for the phase shifting effects of NPY are different from that caused by light [2,33,60,64]. In addition, the level of NPY in the SCN shows two peaks at the day/nig ...
... the SCN, or microstimulation of the IGL, will both cause phase advances or delays depending on circadian phase. The phase response curve for the phase shifting effects of NPY are different from that caused by light [2,33,60,64]. In addition, the level of NPY in the SCN shows two peaks at the day/nig ...
Mirror Proposal 8-01 - USC - University of Southern California
... association between F5 motor activity and the visual stimuli resulting from this activity, will extract "hand configuration" data concerning the relation of the moving hand to an object that will readily generalize to the movements of others' hands. The model will involve a self-organization process ...
... association between F5 motor activity and the visual stimuli resulting from this activity, will extract "hand configuration" data concerning the relation of the moving hand to an object that will readily generalize to the movements of others' hands. The model will involve a self-organization process ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
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... The role of presynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors at glutamatergic synapses has only recently been appreciated. Presynaptic NMDA receptors were first identified in cortical presynaptic terminals by electron microscopy by Aoki and colleagues in 1994 [73], while the first physiological evidence f ...
... The role of presynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors at glutamatergic synapses has only recently been appreciated. Presynaptic NMDA receptors were first identified in cortical presynaptic terminals by electron microscopy by Aoki and colleagues in 1994 [73], while the first physiological evidence f ...
Differences between psychopathy and other personality disorders
... to fearful expressions (Deeley 2006). Reduced amygdala activation was also found in high PCL-R scoring adults during moral decisionmaking tasks (Glenn 2009). Structure and function of amygdala At a structural level, a recent study has shown morphological differences in the amygdala of individuals wi ...
... to fearful expressions (Deeley 2006). Reduced amygdala activation was also found in high PCL-R scoring adults during moral decisionmaking tasks (Glenn 2009). Structure and function of amygdala At a structural level, a recent study has shown morphological differences in the amygdala of individuals wi ...
Race modulates neural activity during imitation
... evaluation) and the anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (all typically more active when inhibiting stereotypes or prejudice against other-race individuals, e.g., Cunningham et al., 2004). Here we have included both an action observation and a faceviewing ...
... evaluation) and the anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (all typically more active when inhibiting stereotypes or prejudice against other-race individuals, e.g., Cunningham et al., 2004). Here we have included both an action observation and a faceviewing ...
C6.4 PPT - Destiny High School
... portion of the brain. – cerebral cortex – the outer surface of the cerebrum • Gyrus – the brain surface is not smooth. Each of the curved, raised areas are called gyrus. • Sulcus – each of the grooves between the gryi. • Fissure – deep grooves in the brain. – The longitudinal fissure runs the length ...
... portion of the brain. – cerebral cortex – the outer surface of the cerebrum • Gyrus – the brain surface is not smooth. Each of the curved, raised areas are called gyrus. • Sulcus – each of the grooves between the gryi. • Fissure – deep grooves in the brain. – The longitudinal fissure runs the length ...
Specialized prefrontal "auditory fields": organization of primate
... In the lateral prefrontal cortex, there is a graded increase in the density of auditory connections along the caudal to rostral axis (Figure 2; Barbas and Mesulam, 1985). Within the caudal lateral prefrontal cortex, auditory input is relatively restricted to specific domains of rostral dorsal area 8 ...
... In the lateral prefrontal cortex, there is a graded increase in the density of auditory connections along the caudal to rostral axis (Figure 2; Barbas and Mesulam, 1985). Within the caudal lateral prefrontal cortex, auditory input is relatively restricted to specific domains of rostral dorsal area 8 ...
neuroanatomy - NC State Veterinary Medicine
... projections from the superficial layers ascend in the brain and projections from the deep layer descend in the brain. The tectum is the location of UMN neurons involved in dilation of the pupils. The tectotegmentospinal tract may actually be a misnomer in the usual scheme of naming tracts. [title us ...
... projections from the superficial layers ascend in the brain and projections from the deep layer descend in the brain. The tectum is the location of UMN neurons involved in dilation of the pupils. The tectotegmentospinal tract may actually be a misnomer in the usual scheme of naming tracts. [title us ...
Wager, T. D., Kang, J., Johnson, T. D., Nichols, T. E., Satpute, A. B.
... patterns of fMRI activity that distinguished multiple emotion categories. Though very promising, such approaches are limited in two basic ways. First, they are not really models of the generative processes sufficient to characterize a particular type of emotional experience. For example, the most co ...
... patterns of fMRI activity that distinguished multiple emotion categories. Though very promising, such approaches are limited in two basic ways. First, they are not really models of the generative processes sufficient to characterize a particular type of emotional experience. For example, the most co ...
Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factor expression
... are sporadic and do not exhibit clear familial or genetic clustering. Recent exploration of biochemical, molecular, and cellular abnormalities that precede or accompany classic AD demonstrated that cell loss was associated with increased activation of pro-death genes and signaling pathways, impaired ...
... are sporadic and do not exhibit clear familial or genetic clustering. Recent exploration of biochemical, molecular, and cellular abnormalities that precede or accompany classic AD demonstrated that cell loss was associated with increased activation of pro-death genes and signaling pathways, impaired ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and diseased brain
... sleep and other neuroendocrine and autonomic functions. The following studies will support the hypothesis that TNF-α is both present and functionally active at the levels found in uninflamed, healthy brain. In “normal” or control rodent brain, TNF-α protein and/or TNF-α mRNA are expressed by neurons ...
... sleep and other neuroendocrine and autonomic functions. The following studies will support the hypothesis that TNF-α is both present and functionally active at the levels found in uninflamed, healthy brain. In “normal” or control rodent brain, TNF-α protein and/or TNF-α mRNA are expressed by neurons ...