Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... MSN synapses (Calabresi et al., 1992a; Lovinger et al., 1993; Walsh, 1993) that is initiated postsynaptically, but expressed through a presynaptic reduction in neurotransmitter release (Choi and Lovinger, 1997). HFS-induced striatal LTD requires dopamine D2 receptors, Gq-coupled group I mGluRs, L-ty ...
... MSN synapses (Calabresi et al., 1992a; Lovinger et al., 1993; Walsh, 1993) that is initiated postsynaptically, but expressed through a presynaptic reduction in neurotransmitter release (Choi and Lovinger, 1997). HFS-induced striatal LTD requires dopamine D2 receptors, Gq-coupled group I mGluRs, L-ty ...
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Decomposing the
... stimulation of cortical tissue through the intact scalp of a participant. The technique induces a short-lived (~200 µs) electrical current of up to 5 kA in a stimulation coil placed over the scalp of the participant, which in turn will generate a perpendicular magnetic field (i.e., directed to the c ...
... stimulation of cortical tissue through the intact scalp of a participant. The technique induces a short-lived (~200 µs) electrical current of up to 5 kA in a stimulation coil placed over the scalp of the participant, which in turn will generate a perpendicular magnetic field (i.e., directed to the c ...
Contextual modulation of primary visual cortex by auditory signals
... using simple stimuli. We propose early visual cortex is also modulated by higher-level internal representations triggered by sounds. We recently showed that the semantic content of sounds and sound imagery can also be read out of early visual cortex using fMRI and multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) ...
... using simple stimuli. We propose early visual cortex is also modulated by higher-level internal representations triggered by sounds. We recently showed that the semantic content of sounds and sound imagery can also be read out of early visual cortex using fMRI and multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) ...
Memory consolidation in humans: new evidence and opportunities
... In a conventional fMRI analysis, the responses to memories of the same type (for example, a set of autobiographical memories) are pooled together. We cannot normally examine individual memories because the fMRI signal would be insufficient; hence, we average across a group of memories. The response ...
... In a conventional fMRI analysis, the responses to memories of the same type (for example, a set of autobiographical memories) are pooled together. We cannot normally examine individual memories because the fMRI signal would be insufficient; hence, we average across a group of memories. The response ...
Progressive Mitochondrial Compromise in Brains
... followed for 1 year, were given the same drugs as their mothers for the first 6 weeks of life. Exposures included: no drug, Zidovudine (AZT), Lamivudine (3TC), AZT/3TC, AZT/Didanosine (ddI), and Stavudine (d4T)/3TC. In brain and liver, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzyme activities (complexes ...
... followed for 1 year, were given the same drugs as their mothers for the first 6 weeks of life. Exposures included: no drug, Zidovudine (AZT), Lamivudine (3TC), AZT/3TC, AZT/Didanosine (ddI), and Stavudine (d4T)/3TC. In brain and liver, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzyme activities (complexes ...
The role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes in neurodegenerative
... p40phox. NOX1 activity is believed to primarily involve association with rac, NOXO1 and NOXA1. However, the p47phox and p67phox can replace NOXO1 and NOXA1, respectively. NOX3 subunit dependency is less characterized, but activity is believed to involve rac, p47phox and NOXA1. NOX4 is constitutively ...
... p40phox. NOX1 activity is believed to primarily involve association with rac, NOXO1 and NOXA1. However, the p47phox and p67phox can replace NOXO1 and NOXA1, respectively. NOX3 subunit dependency is less characterized, but activity is believed to involve rac, p47phox and NOXA1. NOX4 is constitutively ...
Neural Interaction in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex. Dependence on
... L in layers I-III of the primary auditory cortex suggest that most of the tangential labeling of axon collaterals of the pyramidal cells proceeds in a dorsoventral direction, i.e., within isofrequency sheets. However, additional patches occur over 1 mm anterior or posterior of the injection site and ...
... L in layers I-III of the primary auditory cortex suggest that most of the tangential labeling of axon collaterals of the pyramidal cells proceeds in a dorsoventral direction, i.e., within isofrequency sheets. However, additional patches occur over 1 mm anterior or posterior of the injection site and ...
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Rats
... Topographic Map of the Whiskers and Columnar Organization To visualize the organization of the mouse somatosensory cortex, Woolsey and van der Loos45 separated the cerebral cortex from the underlying structures. Then, they flattened the curved cortex between two slides and sectioned the slab in a ta ...
... Topographic Map of the Whiskers and Columnar Organization To visualize the organization of the mouse somatosensory cortex, Woolsey and van der Loos45 separated the cerebral cortex from the underlying structures. Then, they flattened the curved cortex between two slides and sectioned the slab in a ta ...
Forebrain Origins and Terminations of the Medial Forebrain Bundle
... to produce a rate 75% of the maximum did not differ by more than 0.1 log unit from one determination to the next. Animals were assigned to groups in such a way as to approximately equate the currents used. Rats in the self-stimulating (SS) group were paired with rats in the PS group, so that current ...
... to produce a rate 75% of the maximum did not differ by more than 0.1 log unit from one determination to the next. Animals were assigned to groups in such a way as to approximately equate the currents used. Rats in the self-stimulating (SS) group were paired with rats in the PS group, so that current ...
The cortical column: a structure without a function
... This year, the field of neuroscience celebrates the 50th anniversary of Mountcastle’s discovery of the cortical column. In this review, we summarize half a century of research and come to the disappointing realization that the column may have no function. Originally, it was described as a discrete s ...
... This year, the field of neuroscience celebrates the 50th anniversary of Mountcastle’s discovery of the cortical column. In this review, we summarize half a century of research and come to the disappointing realization that the column may have no function. Originally, it was described as a discrete s ...
Changes of Synaptic Density in the Primary Visual Cortex of the
... the perfusion itself because it would have required surgery before perfusion for each individual case. This is not, however, a limitation in our study since we compared densities of synapses at different stages of maturation rather than estimate the absolute number of synaptic contacts. A total of 9 ...
... the perfusion itself because it would have required surgery before perfusion for each individual case. This is not, however, a limitation in our study since we compared densities of synapses at different stages of maturation rather than estimate the absolute number of synaptic contacts. A total of 9 ...
Reward and Reinforcement I 1. Which of the following statements is
... Reward and Reinforcement I 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. opiate-related pathways are functionally related to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) B. opiate-related pathways are functionally related to nucleus accumbens C. dopamine is released by the axon/terminals of VTA cells D. endo ...
... Reward and Reinforcement I 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. opiate-related pathways are functionally related to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) B. opiate-related pathways are functionally related to nucleus accumbens C. dopamine is released by the axon/terminals of VTA cells D. endo ...
Cln3 Targeted Disruption of the Gene Provides a Mouse Model for Batten Disease
... subunit c of the mitochondrial ATP synthase as their major protein component (Hall et al., 1991; Palmer et al., 1992). Second, potential dileucine and tyrosinebased (residues 52–55) lysosomal targeting signals are present in the CLN3 protein (White et al., 1998; Hunziker & Fumey, 1999). The presence ...
... subunit c of the mitochondrial ATP synthase as their major protein component (Hall et al., 1991; Palmer et al., 1992). Second, potential dileucine and tyrosinebased (residues 52–55) lysosomal targeting signals are present in the CLN3 protein (White et al., 1998; Hunziker & Fumey, 1999). The presence ...
Document
... More in details, NGF consists of three subunits, a, b and g which interact to form a 7S complex of approximately 27 kDa in weight. The 7S complex contains two identical 118 amino acid b chains, which are solely responsible for the trophic activity of NGF. Mature b-NGF is synthesized from prepro-b NG ...
... More in details, NGF consists of three subunits, a, b and g which interact to form a 7S complex of approximately 27 kDa in weight. The 7S complex contains two identical 118 amino acid b chains, which are solely responsible for the trophic activity of NGF. Mature b-NGF is synthesized from prepro-b NG ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... seen previously in the tree shrew-Rockland et al., '82). Best results were also associated with fairly large injections where the uptake zone was judged to be 0.5-1.0 pm in diameter (for further details, on defining the injection site and other technical matters, cf. Rockland et al., '82). In one an ...
... seen previously in the tree shrew-Rockland et al., '82). Best results were also associated with fairly large injections where the uptake zone was judged to be 0.5-1.0 pm in diameter (for further details, on defining the injection site and other technical matters, cf. Rockland et al., '82). In one an ...
Current Trends in the Imaging of Diffuse Axonal Injury
... improve 18 months postinjury but do not normalize to right-sided values Key: ...
... improve 18 months postinjury but do not normalize to right-sided values Key: ...
J Comp Neurol 2000 Lavenex - University of California, Berkeley
... McEwen, 1992). These results suggest that hormonal changes might be responsible for the seasonal variations of sex differences in spatial learning by producing morphological changes in the hippocampal complex, a brain structure critically involved in spatial learning. A correlation between spatial l ...
... McEwen, 1992). These results suggest that hormonal changes might be responsible for the seasonal variations of sex differences in spatial learning by producing morphological changes in the hippocampal complex, a brain structure critically involved in spatial learning. A correlation between spatial l ...
5404_c2
... nuclei (SCN), principally through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), where it synchronizes the activity of the circadian oscillator to exactly 24 h. Neuronal efferent pathways from the SCN directly distribute circadian information to different brain areas, including the pineal gland, that generates ...
... nuclei (SCN), principally through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), where it synchronizes the activity of the circadian oscillator to exactly 24 h. Neuronal efferent pathways from the SCN directly distribute circadian information to different brain areas, including the pineal gland, that generates ...
Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system
... milieu within the ranges necessary for survival [2]. In this discussion, optimal homeostasis is considered to be the state in which meeting the immediate needs of the organism incurs the least possible long-term costs. McEwen (2007) proposes that allostasis is the adaptive process of maintaining sta ...
... milieu within the ranges necessary for survival [2]. In this discussion, optimal homeostasis is considered to be the state in which meeting the immediate needs of the organism incurs the least possible long-term costs. McEwen (2007) proposes that allostasis is the adaptive process of maintaining sta ...
Layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex has the highest
... activity (Jeong et al., 1998; Kotini and Anninos, 2002; Pereda et al., 1999). D2 is one of the characteristic invariants of nonlinear dynamics that can give a good measure of complexity of the underlying attractor in a dynamic system (Anokhin et al., 1996). Such dimensional complexity can be used to ...
... activity (Jeong et al., 1998; Kotini and Anninos, 2002; Pereda et al., 1999). D2 is one of the characteristic invariants of nonlinear dynamics that can give a good measure of complexity of the underlying attractor in a dynamic system (Anokhin et al., 1996). Such dimensional complexity can be used to ...
Stress - Neuroanatomy
... your body muscles, releases stress hormones into your blood, and so on. The sound also goes to the temporal lobe system (hippocampus) and reminds you of the accident, who you were with and where you were going. It also reminds you that it was awful. But these are all just facts about the situation. ...
... your body muscles, releases stress hormones into your blood, and so on. The sound also goes to the temporal lobe system (hippocampus) and reminds you of the accident, who you were with and where you were going. It also reminds you that it was awful. But these are all just facts about the situation. ...
Amphetamine-induced release of dopamine from the substantia
... Groves et al. (1-3) have recently proposed that dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, pars compacta, display a novel mode of neurohumoral regulation involving release of dopamine from dendrites to inhibit their own firing rate. The dendrites of these neurons possess numerous flourescent vari ...
... Groves et al. (1-3) have recently proposed that dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, pars compacta, display a novel mode of neurohumoral regulation involving release of dopamine from dendrites to inhibit their own firing rate. The dendrites of these neurons possess numerous flourescent vari ...
Altered neural reward and loss processing and
... In appetitive and aversive associative learning, the prediction error (PE) is an index that brings the anticipation and receipt of incentives together (Schultz et al., 1997). PEs covary with the probability of reward and loss and reflect the deviation of actual outcomes from their expectations (Schu ...
... In appetitive and aversive associative learning, the prediction error (PE) is an index that brings the anticipation and receipt of incentives together (Schultz et al., 1997). PEs covary with the probability of reward and loss and reflect the deviation of actual outcomes from their expectations (Schu ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
... of course by a subset of motoneuron pools in the spinal cord ventral horn that innervates the limb muscles responsible for locomotor behavior (Fig. 1). The second major level is referred to as the locomotor pattern generator, which lies entirely within the spinal cord, near the motoneuron pools that ...
... of course by a subset of motoneuron pools in the spinal cord ventral horn that innervates the limb muscles responsible for locomotor behavior (Fig. 1). The second major level is referred to as the locomotor pattern generator, which lies entirely within the spinal cord, near the motoneuron pools that ...