Gustatory processing is dynamic and distributed Donald B
... that the gustatory system is made-up of networks of feedforward and feedback pathways. Figure 1b presents a simple reconceptualization of the system with the goal of assisting the reader in understanding the dynamic and distributed nature of gustatory processing. The gustatory system is separated in ...
... that the gustatory system is made-up of networks of feedforward and feedback pathways. Figure 1b presents a simple reconceptualization of the system with the goal of assisting the reader in understanding the dynamic and distributed nature of gustatory processing. The gustatory system is separated in ...
Discussion and future directions
... Put generally, it demonstrates that a self–organizing map can learn to distinctively represent and command 12 directions of movement, by extracting the similarity relationships from the input space. The success of the self–organization process is dependent on two factors: the input patterns and the ...
... Put generally, it demonstrates that a self–organizing map can learn to distinctively represent and command 12 directions of movement, by extracting the similarity relationships from the input space. The success of the self–organization process is dependent on two factors: the input patterns and the ...
Topography of Visual Cortex Connections with Frontal Eye Field in
... Recent recordings throughout the depth of the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus have demonstrated that the transition in myelin staining corresponds to a physiological transition from dorsal cells related to saccades to ventral neurons exhibiting visual direction specificity and activity duri ...
... Recent recordings throughout the depth of the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus have demonstrated that the transition in myelin staining corresponds to a physiological transition from dorsal cells related to saccades to ventral neurons exhibiting visual direction specificity and activity duri ...
Maturation of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat Prefrontal
... Data were collected from 294 layer V pyramidal neurons from 78 rats aged between P1 and P36 (with the day of birth as P0). Only neurons with resting potentials more negative than ⫺45 mV were included. Figure 1 illustrates typical voltage responses to intracellular current injections in neurons at P3 ...
... Data were collected from 294 layer V pyramidal neurons from 78 rats aged between P1 and P36 (with the day of birth as P0). Only neurons with resting potentials more negative than ⫺45 mV were included. Figure 1 illustrates typical voltage responses to intracellular current injections in neurons at P3 ...
Preparation for action: one of the key functions of motor cortex.
... related to specific prior information. They must be viewed as an important step in establishing a functional, preparatory meaning of these changes. Indeed, the systematic manipulation of prior information induces parameter-specific reductions in reaction time (see section 2). Third, preparatory chan ...
... related to specific prior information. They must be viewed as an important step in establishing a functional, preparatory meaning of these changes. Indeed, the systematic manipulation of prior information induces parameter-specific reductions in reaction time (see section 2). Third, preparatory chan ...
Cooperation and biased competition model can explain attentional
... concurrent stimuli of less importance. A remarkable phenomenon of selective attention, known as inattentional blindness, has been described for human vision (for a review see Simons, 2000). The inattentional blindness refers to the unawareness of a certain visual event when attention is focused on a ...
... concurrent stimuli of less importance. A remarkable phenomenon of selective attention, known as inattentional blindness, has been described for human vision (for a review see Simons, 2000). The inattentional blindness refers to the unawareness of a certain visual event when attention is focused on a ...
Document
... Theta activity: • EEG activity of 3.5 – 7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow wave sleep and REM sleep. Delta activity: • Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep. ...
... Theta activity: • EEG activity of 3.5 – 7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow wave sleep and REM sleep. Delta activity: • Regular, synchronous electrical activity of less than 4 Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep. ...
Data Supplement
... and limb swing speed and stride length were pre-specified variables for this study based on their high correlation with stroke size in the prior study. Mice were trained once a week for three weeks prior to stroke, and then tested weekly on day 5, 12, 19, 26, and 33 after stroke. For analysis, each ...
... and limb swing speed and stride length were pre-specified variables for this study based on their high correlation with stroke size in the prior study. Mice were trained once a week for three weeks prior to stroke, and then tested weekly on day 5, 12, 19, 26, and 33 after stroke. For analysis, each ...
cerebellum student copy 2010
... Although it weighs only 10 % as much as the cerebral cortex , its surface area is about 75 % of that of the cerebral cortex . Cerebellar motor pathways are uncrossed, so that injuries on one side will result in symptoms & signs on the same side of the body. ...
... Although it weighs only 10 % as much as the cerebral cortex , its surface area is about 75 % of that of the cerebral cortex . Cerebellar motor pathways are uncrossed, so that injuries on one side will result in symptoms & signs on the same side of the body. ...
- Stem-cell and Brain Research Institute
... and also provides a source of diversity in coding the conjunctions and disjunctions of input and previous state information. The n in the summation terms is 25, corresponding to the linearized size of the 535 layers. Recurrent input to State originates from the layer State D . State D (Eqs. (2.1) an ...
... and also provides a source of diversity in coding the conjunctions and disjunctions of input and previous state information. The n in the summation terms is 25, corresponding to the linearized size of the 535 layers. Recurrent input to State originates from the layer State D . State D (Eqs. (2.1) an ...
How Does the Brain Develop?
... the monarch butterfly must undergo significant changes as the insect develops from a larva into a caterpillar into a butterfly. ...
... the monarch butterfly must undergo significant changes as the insect develops from a larva into a caterpillar into a butterfly. ...
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Inputs to `AIP`
... of AIP neurons. However, AIP contains more neurons that are exclusively responsive to the visual features of an object, whereas PMv contains more neurons that are selectively responsive during movement (Murata et al., 1997, 2000). Thus, AIP and PMv are thought to be nodes in a cortical network conce ...
... of AIP neurons. However, AIP contains more neurons that are exclusively responsive to the visual features of an object, whereas PMv contains more neurons that are selectively responsive during movement (Murata et al., 1997, 2000). Thus, AIP and PMv are thought to be nodes in a cortical network conce ...
Anatomical origins of the classical receptive field and modulatory
... include different stimulus contrasts, hand- versus computer mapping, single small flashed bars or grating stimuli presented at different locations or expanded in size (Fig. 4). One reason for these differences is that certain techniques do not reveal the full spatial extent of visual sensitivity. Fo ...
... include different stimulus contrasts, hand- versus computer mapping, single small flashed bars or grating stimuli presented at different locations or expanded in size (Fig. 4). One reason for these differences is that certain techniques do not reveal the full spatial extent of visual sensitivity. Fo ...
Document
... CHAPTER 13 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: Brain and Spinal Cord CHAPTER OVERVIEW: This chapter provides an overview of the embryological development of the nervous system and detailed descriptions of the structure and function of the adult brain and spinal cord. Brain functions that are identified with a p ...
... CHAPTER 13 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: Brain and Spinal Cord CHAPTER OVERVIEW: This chapter provides an overview of the embryological development of the nervous system and detailed descriptions of the structure and function of the adult brain and spinal cord. Brain functions that are identified with a p ...
The distributed human neural system for face perception
... a latency of 344 ms (P350), was recorded at different electrode sites, including an additional face-responsive region in right anterior ventral temporal cortex, which may correspond to sites of activation in studies of the retrieval of biographical information associated with faces12,41,42. Function ...
... a latency of 344 ms (P350), was recorded at different electrode sites, including an additional face-responsive region in right anterior ventral temporal cortex, which may correspond to sites of activation in studies of the retrieval of biographical information associated with faces12,41,42. Function ...
Function of Basal Ganglia (Summary)
... o input projects directly to motor systems via deep nuclei o all pathways pass through the cerebellar peduncles Indirect side loop o Via the parallel fibers, involves granular cells o mossy fiber input to granular cells, through parallel fibers to purkinje and back out to deep nuclei o Used to corre ...
... o input projects directly to motor systems via deep nuclei o all pathways pass through the cerebellar peduncles Indirect side loop o Via the parallel fibers, involves granular cells o mossy fiber input to granular cells, through parallel fibers to purkinje and back out to deep nuclei o Used to corre ...
Functional Connections of the Visual Cortex Studied by Cross
... The question of how the visual cortical circuitry generates characteristic neuronal response properties is a central problem in visual physiology. To this end, numerous studies have been undertaken to determine the neuronal connectivities underlying cortical responses. The cross-correlation techniqu ...
... The question of how the visual cortical circuitry generates characteristic neuronal response properties is a central problem in visual physiology. To this end, numerous studies have been undertaken to determine the neuronal connectivities underlying cortical responses. The cross-correlation techniqu ...
What Can an Orbitofrontal Cortex- Endowed Animal
... learning, experience, and context play important roles in human olfactory perception. Such data suggest that a given set of olfactory receptors activated by an odorant does not map directly onto a given odor percept. Rather, odor perception may rely on more synthetic, or integrative, mechanisms subs ...
... learning, experience, and context play important roles in human olfactory perception. Such data suggest that a given set of olfactory receptors activated by an odorant does not map directly onto a given odor percept. Rather, odor perception may rely on more synthetic, or integrative, mechanisms subs ...
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VISUAL AREA MT
... nucleus; M, magnocellular stream; P, parvocellular stream; K, koniocellular layers of LGN; PICL , central lateral nucleus of the inferior pulvinar; PICM , central medial nucleus of the inferior pulvinar; PIM , medial nucleus of the inferior pulvinar; PIP , posterior nucleus of the inferior pulvinar; ...
... nucleus; M, magnocellular stream; P, parvocellular stream; K, koniocellular layers of LGN; PICL , central lateral nucleus of the inferior pulvinar; PICM , central medial nucleus of the inferior pulvinar; PIM , medial nucleus of the inferior pulvinar; PIP , posterior nucleus of the inferior pulvinar; ...
Posterior cingulate cortex: adapting behavior to a
... learning and memory, however, seems to extend far beyond the scope of movements and spatial orientation. Neuroimaging experiments have shown that CGp is activated by emotional stimuli, particularly when they have personal significance [30,31]. Neurons in CGp signal reward size, and some studies have ...
... learning and memory, however, seems to extend far beyond the scope of movements and spatial orientation. Neuroimaging experiments have shown that CGp is activated by emotional stimuli, particularly when they have personal significance [30,31]. Neurons in CGp signal reward size, and some studies have ...
Learning sensory maps with real-world stimuli in real time using a
... the tuning of a neuron seems to be directly reflected in its response latency to a stimulus [24]. Given the above mechanism this would imply that the optimally tuned neurons prevent further learning by other neurons in the map. Synaptic plasticity, however, is not only dependent on the dynamics of t ...
... the tuning of a neuron seems to be directly reflected in its response latency to a stimulus [24]. Given the above mechanism this would imply that the optimally tuned neurons prevent further learning by other neurons in the map. Synaptic plasticity, however, is not only dependent on the dynamics of t ...
The dynamic spatio-temporal behavior of visual responses in
... spatial and temporal aspects of visual receptive fields change not only by means of the actual visual stimulation but also as a consequence of the state of the network. In this short review we will try to summarize the different aspects which can influence the temporal firing patterns of cells in th ...
... spatial and temporal aspects of visual receptive fields change not only by means of the actual visual stimulation but also as a consequence of the state of the network. In this short review we will try to summarize the different aspects which can influence the temporal firing patterns of cells in th ...
The Study of Brain Activity in Sleep
... • Nucleus basalis: acetylcholine • Tuberomammillary neurons: histamine • Posterior hypothalamus: orexin (hypocretin) ...
... • Nucleus basalis: acetylcholine • Tuberomammillary neurons: histamine • Posterior hypothalamus: orexin (hypocretin) ...
Prefrontal Cortex, Emotion, and Approach/Withdrawal Motivation
... involved in a system facilitating approach behavior to appetitive stimuli, whereas the right PFC is involved in a system facilitating withdrawal behavior from aversive stimuli. To explain prefrontal asymmetries for valenced emotional processing, this model assumes that processing related to emotiona ...
... involved in a system facilitating approach behavior to appetitive stimuli, whereas the right PFC is involved in a system facilitating withdrawal behavior from aversive stimuli. To explain prefrontal asymmetries for valenced emotional processing, this model assumes that processing related to emotiona ...
Superior Frontal Gyrus Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Superior
... bushy axons and the MNTB cells are very unusual one and can be seen prominently in Fig. 1. It is often said to be the largest synapse in the brain. The presynaptic element is so large that recordings can be made from both the pre- and post-synaptic neurons so that this synapse has become a model for ...
... bushy axons and the MNTB cells are very unusual one and can be seen prominently in Fig. 1. It is often said to be the largest synapse in the brain. The presynaptic element is so large that recordings can be made from both the pre- and post-synaptic neurons so that this synapse has become a model for ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.