Attention as a decision in information space
... activity in some portion of the LIP map reaches or exceeds a certain level [19,20]. However, this scheme is no longer tenable if one considers all components of the LIP response. Given the strong visual responses shown in Figures 1c and 1d a simple comparison to a threshold would trigger more errone ...
... activity in some portion of the LIP map reaches or exceeds a certain level [19,20]. However, this scheme is no longer tenable if one considers all components of the LIP response. Given the strong visual responses shown in Figures 1c and 1d a simple comparison to a threshold would trigger more errone ...
Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
neural circuitry approaches to understanding the pathophysiology
... gions, an approach that, in extreme cases, has been critiqued as ‘‘neophrenology.’’ Although these models have been useful in stimulating studies of the structure–function relationships of the implicated brain regions, they have been limited in a number of respects, including the inability to accoun ...
... gions, an approach that, in extreme cases, has been critiqued as ‘‘neophrenology.’’ Although these models have been useful in stimulating studies of the structure–function relationships of the implicated brain regions, they have been limited in a number of respects, including the inability to accoun ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... to the stimulated structure. It is worth noting that, although successful The fixation task (Fig. 2 A) was used to map visual receptive fields, to orthodromic/antidromic activation provides clear evidence of conneccompare visual responsivity under passive (fixation) versus active (sactivity, the fai ...
... to the stimulated structure. It is worth noting that, although successful The fixation task (Fig. 2 A) was used to map visual receptive fields, to orthodromic/antidromic activation provides clear evidence of conneccompare visual responsivity under passive (fixation) versus active (sactivity, the fai ...
Visual Experience Is Necessary for Maintenance But Not
... 2002). Consistent with the diffuse terminal arbors, dark rearing throughout postnatal development can also result in enlarged cortical RFs, as defined electrophysiologically (Fagiolini et al. 1994). An alternative explanation for these results, however, is that the enlarged RFs in deprived animals r ...
... 2002). Consistent with the diffuse terminal arbors, dark rearing throughout postnatal development can also result in enlarged cortical RFs, as defined electrophysiologically (Fagiolini et al. 1994). An alternative explanation for these results, however, is that the enlarged RFs in deprived animals r ...
cerebral cortex, sensations and movements
... Fig. 6. Topography of motor and sensory areas located in anterior paracentral and, respectively, posterior paracentral gyri (medial section view of the left side of the left hemisphere). Anterior paracentral gyrus (primary somatomotor cortex) - lower extremity area consists of thigh and calf areas ( ...
... Fig. 6. Topography of motor and sensory areas located in anterior paracentral and, respectively, posterior paracentral gyri (medial section view of the left side of the left hemisphere). Anterior paracentral gyrus (primary somatomotor cortex) - lower extremity area consists of thigh and calf areas ( ...
Crocodilian Forebrain: Evolution and Development
... In the dorsal thalamus of amniotes, two types of neurons are present: local circuit neurons (also called interneurons) and relay cells. Axons of local circuit neurons remain within their region of origin whereas axons of relay (projection) cells terminate outside of this area (Jones 2007). With the ...
... In the dorsal thalamus of amniotes, two types of neurons are present: local circuit neurons (also called interneurons) and relay cells. Axons of local circuit neurons remain within their region of origin whereas axons of relay (projection) cells terminate outside of this area (Jones 2007). With the ...
Organization of Visual Areas in Macaque and Human Cerebral
... A compelling case for areal identification entails finding region-specific characteristics that are robust, consistent across multiple approaches, and replicated by multiple laboratories. The diversity among partitioning schemes signifies that a consensus has been achieved for only a minority of the ...
... A compelling case for areal identification entails finding region-specific characteristics that are robust, consistent across multiple approaches, and replicated by multiple laboratories. The diversity among partitioning schemes signifies that a consensus has been achieved for only a minority of the ...
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in learning and reward Ph.D
... Pavlovian conditioning was investigated only in a few electrophysiological experiments. ...
... Pavlovian conditioning was investigated only in a few electrophysiological experiments. ...
Polarization-sensitive and light-sensitive neurons in two parallel
... mostly with tonic activity changes. These responses strongly depended on stimulus position and might reflect navigation-relevant signals such as direct sunlight or visual landmarks that are integrated with polarization responses in neurons of the lower unit. ...
... mostly with tonic activity changes. These responses strongly depended on stimulus position and might reflect navigation-relevant signals such as direct sunlight or visual landmarks that are integrated with polarization responses in neurons of the lower unit. ...
Mirroring others` emotions relates to empathy and
... (area PF), mirror neurons fire both when a monkey executes goalrelated hand and mouth actions as well as when it observes the same actions being performed by others (Ferrari et al., 2003; Gallese et al., 1996; Umilta et al., 2001). This MNS is thus thought to constitute a neural substrate for unders ...
... (area PF), mirror neurons fire both when a monkey executes goalrelated hand and mouth actions as well as when it observes the same actions being performed by others (Ferrari et al., 2003; Gallese et al., 1996; Umilta et al., 2001). This MNS is thus thought to constitute a neural substrate for unders ...
Surround suppression explained by long-range
... excitatory activity14, 15 , while inhibitory activity becomes stronger and less selective15 . How does this reduction in response correlation come about, given the prevalence of strong spatial and temporal correlations present in natural visual scenes7, 8 , and given that neurons in a column share c ...
... excitatory activity14, 15 , while inhibitory activity becomes stronger and less selective15 . How does this reduction in response correlation come about, given the prevalence of strong spatial and temporal correlations present in natural visual scenes7, 8 , and given that neurons in a column share c ...
brochure - Connecticut Children`s Medical Center
... A concussion is a functional injury to the brain resulting from a traumatic hit to the head, face, neck or a blow to the body that delivers an impulsive force to the head (i.e. whiplash). A concussion injury occurs at the cellular level. After a hit occurs, calcium, which is located outside of the c ...
... A concussion is a functional injury to the brain resulting from a traumatic hit to the head, face, neck or a blow to the body that delivers an impulsive force to the head (i.e. whiplash). A concussion injury occurs at the cellular level. After a hit occurs, calcium, which is located outside of the c ...
UShape Representation in the Inferior Temporal Cortex of MonkeysU
... distractors (see the circled regions of distractors 18, 25, 44, 49 and 50 in Fig. 2b). Similar results were obtained with the class of spheroidal objects; one example is shown in Figure 3. Here, too, the neuron responds maximally to one view of the object, rotated 72 ° from the zero-view, with its r ...
... distractors (see the circled regions of distractors 18, 25, 44, 49 and 50 in Fig. 2b). Similar results were obtained with the class of spheroidal objects; one example is shown in Figure 3. Here, too, the neuron responds maximally to one view of the object, rotated 72 ° from the zero-view, with its r ...
NEURAL CONNECTIONS: Some You Use, Some You Lose
... ending of the axon to the postsynaptic membrane of the adjoining dendrite. These chemical messengers then either excite or inhibit electrical activity in the postsynaptic cell. Via their synaptic connections, brain cells form the neural circuits that somehow support our sensory, motor, and cognitive ...
... ending of the axon to the postsynaptic membrane of the adjoining dendrite. These chemical messengers then either excite or inhibit electrical activity in the postsynaptic cell. Via their synaptic connections, brain cells form the neural circuits that somehow support our sensory, motor, and cognitive ...
5. the architecture of the visual cortex
... Ramon y Cajal was the first to realize how short the connections within the cortex are. As already described, the richest connections run up and down, intimately linking the different layers. Diagonal and side-to-side connections generally run for 1or 2 millimeters, although a few travel up to 4 or ...
... Ramon y Cajal was the first to realize how short the connections within the cortex are. As already described, the richest connections run up and down, intimately linking the different layers. Diagonal and side-to-side connections generally run for 1or 2 millimeters, although a few travel up to 4 or ...
Gestalts as Predictions - Some Reflections and an Application to Art
... to compensate for unpredictability of resources in the environment, organisms retain information on statistical regularities in that environment, which can be used to form predictions on the when, where and what of resources in the future. Complete predictability means that an organism can fully com ...
... to compensate for unpredictability of resources in the environment, organisms retain information on statistical regularities in that environment, which can be used to form predictions on the when, where and what of resources in the future. Complete predictability means that an organism can fully com ...
interactions between number and space in parietal cortex
... hand, eye or attention movement). However, so far, no study has sufficiently shown whether these reference frames are eye- or world-centred. Another related question concerns the stage of processing at which spatial–numerical interactions arise; do they occur during stimulus comprehension, response ...
... hand, eye or attention movement). However, so far, no study has sufficiently shown whether these reference frames are eye- or world-centred. Another related question concerns the stage of processing at which spatial–numerical interactions arise; do they occur during stimulus comprehension, response ...
Deficient Fear Conditioning in Psychopathy
... [CS]) comes to predict a fear-eliciting stimulus (unconditioned stimulus [US]) after they have been paired several times.4-6 The brain circuits underlying the acquisition and maintenance of conditioned fear in humans have been the focus of major research efforts. Imaging studies using positron emiss ...
... [CS]) comes to predict a fear-eliciting stimulus (unconditioned stimulus [US]) after they have been paired several times.4-6 The brain circuits underlying the acquisition and maintenance of conditioned fear in humans have been the focus of major research efforts. Imaging studies using positron emiss ...
NEURAL NETWORK DYNAMICS
... internally generated activity known as fixedpoint behavior. This time-independent activity is too simple to address the issue of how complex patterns of activity are generated. On the other hand, these models provide an excellent example of the problem of making internally generated activity sensitiv ...
... internally generated activity known as fixedpoint behavior. This time-independent activity is too simple to address the issue of how complex patterns of activity are generated. On the other hand, these models provide an excellent example of the problem of making internally generated activity sensitiv ...
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... increases synchronization, and decreasing receptive Weld size by pairing diVerent tone frequencies with NB stimulation decreases synchronization. These observations seem to support the conclusion that neural synchronization is simply an artifact caused by common inputs. However, pairing tone trains ...
... increases synchronization, and decreasing receptive Weld size by pairing diVerent tone frequencies with NB stimulation decreases synchronization. These observations seem to support the conclusion that neural synchronization is simply an artifact caused by common inputs. However, pairing tone trains ...
Chapter 21: Attention - Biology Courses Server
... – What happens to neural activity? – What brain areas are involved? • Observed in high-level cognitive and numerous sensory areas • e.g., Area V1 to visual cortical areas in the parietal and temporal lobes ...
... – What happens to neural activity? – What brain areas are involved? • Observed in high-level cognitive and numerous sensory areas • e.g., Area V1 to visual cortical areas in the parietal and temporal lobes ...
Publication: Using chaotic artificial neural networks to model
... Chaos occurs in dynamical systems that are sensitively dependent on initial conditions. Small differences in initial conditions yield widely diverging outcomes. Although such systems are deterministic, long-term predictions cannot be made [1]. There is growing evidence that future research on neural ...
... Chaos occurs in dynamical systems that are sensitively dependent on initial conditions. Small differences in initial conditions yield widely diverging outcomes. Although such systems are deterministic, long-term predictions cannot be made [1]. There is growing evidence that future research on neural ...
Dysregulation of Arousal and Amygdala
... skin conductance responses made it feasible to extract concurrent brain and arousal responses to individual face stimuli. To examine fMRI BOLD responses in relation to skin conductance responses, we first formed two subsets of fear stimuli for each subject, referred to as “with-arousal” and “without ...
... skin conductance responses made it feasible to extract concurrent brain and arousal responses to individual face stimuli. To examine fMRI BOLD responses in relation to skin conductance responses, we first formed two subsets of fear stimuli for each subject, referred to as “with-arousal” and “without ...
Neuronal circuitries involved in thermoregulation
... The thermoreceptors for this regulation are distributed throughout the body: skin, the hypothalamus and other brain areas and the body core (Simon, 1974). Although this multiple input / output system is controlled primarily by the nervous system, the ‘neuronal circuit’ for thermoregulation remains p ...
... The thermoreceptors for this regulation are distributed throughout the body: skin, the hypothalamus and other brain areas and the body core (Simon, 1974). Although this multiple input / output system is controlled primarily by the nervous system, the ‘neuronal circuit’ for thermoregulation remains p ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.