Dopamine Receptor–Mediated Mechanisms Involved in the
... Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560; and 2 Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371, Japan ...
... Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560; and 2 Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371, Japan ...
Multimodal Integration in Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Provides an
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
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... next active period. Throughout this repeating daily cycle, it is our biological clock system that coordinates that our physiological, mental and metabolic systems are at all times optimally prepared for the changing demands posed by the daily rhythm of our lives. In recent years, the importance of t ...
... next active period. Throughout this repeating daily cycle, it is our biological clock system that coordinates that our physiological, mental and metabolic systems are at all times optimally prepared for the changing demands posed by the daily rhythm of our lives. In recent years, the importance of t ...
Recasting the Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement System
... vestibular nucleus (VN). In parallel with this pathway, a second cortico–ponto– cerebellar pathway originates in the frontal eye field (FEF) and continues through the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), which, like the DLPN, provides outputs exclusively to the cerebellum, in this case lobule ...
... vestibular nucleus (VN). In parallel with this pathway, a second cortico–ponto– cerebellar pathway originates in the frontal eye field (FEF) and continues through the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), which, like the DLPN, provides outputs exclusively to the cerebellum, in this case lobule ...
Ectopic Expression of the Neuropeptide Pigment
... PDF c ycling. To determine whether the amount of PDF in the central brain terminals varies during the LD cycle, flies of the lines elav-gal4; UAS-pdf, Mz1525-gal4;UAS-pdf, and pdf-gal4;UAS-pdf were dissected at two different time points. PDH immunoreactivity was found to be strongest 1–3 hr after li ...
... PDF c ycling. To determine whether the amount of PDF in the central brain terminals varies during the LD cycle, flies of the lines elav-gal4; UAS-pdf, Mz1525-gal4;UAS-pdf, and pdf-gal4;UAS-pdf were dissected at two different time points. PDH immunoreactivity was found to be strongest 1–3 hr after li ...
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... Our goal is to identify features of auditory cortical organization that are common, and unique, to each taxonomic group. In recent years we have developed a model of auditory cortical organization in nonhuman primates based on a wide range of anatomical and physiological findings (Hackett et al., 19 ...
... Our goal is to identify features of auditory cortical organization that are common, and unique, to each taxonomic group. In recent years we have developed a model of auditory cortical organization in nonhuman primates based on a wide range of anatomical and physiological findings (Hackett et al., 19 ...
Projection patterns from the amygdaloid nuclear complex to
... track, but rather variable diffusion of tracer into the surrounding periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). Thus, the DR injection sites were processed for 5-HT immunostaining to confirm the exact location of the tracer infusion within each DR subdivision (Fig. 1). Tracer spillage into the aqueduct or the ...
... track, but rather variable diffusion of tracer into the surrounding periaqueductal gray matter (PAG). Thus, the DR injection sites were processed for 5-HT immunostaining to confirm the exact location of the tracer infusion within each DR subdivision (Fig. 1). Tracer spillage into the aqueduct or the ...
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... number of neurons per segment in each animal by the total segment volume, then taking the mean across animals. For sections processed by both in situ hybridization and IHC, we could not use an optical fractionator as the silver grains revealing the bound probes do not penetrate into the tissue. Inst ...
... number of neurons per segment in each animal by the total segment volume, then taking the mean across animals. For sections processed by both in situ hybridization and IHC, we could not use an optical fractionator as the silver grains revealing the bound probes do not penetrate into the tissue. Inst ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... space is normally regulated within a narrow range by automatic re-adjustment of the interstitial hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures through capillary filtration and the lymphatics. During hyponatremia, more water gets into the interstitial tissues, which are taken up by b1-integrinassociated ...
... space is normally regulated within a narrow range by automatic re-adjustment of the interstitial hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures through capillary filtration and the lymphatics. During hyponatremia, more water gets into the interstitial tissues, which are taken up by b1-integrinassociated ...
Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
Duration Tuning across Vertebrates
... the model DTN. In our initial (default) model, the onset-responding presynaptic neuron was activated 10 ms after stimulus onset and the offset-responding presynaptic neuron was activated 6 ms after stimulus offset (see Fig. 3E). We also explored the effect of input latency on duration tuning by runn ...
... the model DTN. In our initial (default) model, the onset-responding presynaptic neuron was activated 10 ms after stimulus onset and the offset-responding presynaptic neuron was activated 6 ms after stimulus offset (see Fig. 3E). We also explored the effect of input latency on duration tuning by runn ...
Collapsing Distinctions: Interacting within Fields of Intelligence on
... intelligence, the nature of which cannot be known in advance. This is critical. This newly recognized intelligence would, no doubt, have arisen from a process of evolution that may also not be knowable. Stuart Kauffman has argued persuasively (Kaufman 2000) that it is not possible to finitely presta ...
... intelligence, the nature of which cannot be known in advance. This is critical. This newly recognized intelligence would, no doubt, have arisen from a process of evolution that may also not be knowable. Stuart Kauffman has argued persuasively (Kaufman 2000) that it is not possible to finitely presta ...
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal
... hungry, for example. But how does the nervous system decide when to start or stop a particular behavior? Molecules called neuropeptides are thought to play a key role in these decisions. Neuropeptides are produced by organs throughout the body and also by the nervous system itself. When neuropeptide ...
... hungry, for example. But how does the nervous system decide when to start or stop a particular behavior? Molecules called neuropeptides are thought to play a key role in these decisions. Neuropeptides are produced by organs throughout the body and also by the nervous system itself. When neuropeptide ...
A Cortical Substrate for Memory
... of research, we took a classic primate behavioral paradigm, memory-guided orienting (Gage et al., 2010; Funahashi et al., 1991), which is known to be FEF-dependent (Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Bruce et al., 1985), and adapted it to rats. Then, in rats performing the task, we studied a rat cortical are ...
... of research, we took a classic primate behavioral paradigm, memory-guided orienting (Gage et al., 2010; Funahashi et al., 1991), which is known to be FEF-dependent (Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Bruce et al., 1985), and adapted it to rats. Then, in rats performing the task, we studied a rat cortical are ...
DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
Neural Activity in Macaque Parietal Cortex Reflects
... of the patch was 5° from the point of fixation, 2 The RT is the time from motion onset until saccade initiation. On all trials, the random dots were superimposed on a dim dynamic radians counterclockwise along the circle pixel noise texture background. On two-thirds of trials, the texture included a ...
... of the patch was 5° from the point of fixation, 2 The RT is the time from motion onset until saccade initiation. On all trials, the random dots were superimposed on a dim dynamic radians counterclockwise along the circle pixel noise texture background. On two-thirds of trials, the texture included a ...
Vestibular System: The Many Facets of a
... processing of vestibularly driven reflexes. The relative simplicity of the neural circuits that mediate vestibular reflexes have also proven to be well suited for linking systems and cellular levels of analyses. A unique feature of the vestibular system is that many second-order sensory neurons in the ...
... processing of vestibularly driven reflexes. The relative simplicity of the neural circuits that mediate vestibular reflexes have also proven to be well suited for linking systems and cellular levels of analyses. A unique feature of the vestibular system is that many second-order sensory neurons in the ...
Towards an integrated theory on adult ADHD and Substance Abuse
... • External events are quite self-explanatory, however internal events are often ignored, especially in some quarters of Psychology. • These internal events are important in our ultimate model and they include cortical and sub-cortical hyper- or hypo-arousal as well minor or major physiological event ...
... • External events are quite self-explanatory, however internal events are often ignored, especially in some quarters of Psychology. • These internal events are important in our ultimate model and they include cortical and sub-cortical hyper- or hypo-arousal as well minor or major physiological event ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
... eating, and it is therefore important to understand the brain mechanisms involved in food reward, in order to understand the control of appetite and food intake. When the behavior is goaldirected, brain regions such as the cingulate cortex are likely to be engaged (see Fig. 1). However, it is a usef ...
... eating, and it is therefore important to understand the brain mechanisms involved in food reward, in order to understand the control of appetite and food intake. When the behavior is goaldirected, brain regions such as the cingulate cortex are likely to be engaged (see Fig. 1). However, it is a usef ...
hippocampo–cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits
... hippocampus and the cerebellum interact, and what is the special role of the theta oscillation? In order for the hippocampus to modulate memory trace formation in the cerebellum we have to assume interaction between these areas. One indication of interaction between two brain areas is synchronized o ...
... hippocampus and the cerebellum interact, and what is the special role of the theta oscillation? In order for the hippocampus to modulate memory trace formation in the cerebellum we have to assume interaction between these areas. One indication of interaction between two brain areas is synchronized o ...
Generation of Theta and Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus
... LEUNG, L. S. Generation of theta and gamma rhythms in the hippocampus. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 22(2), 275–290, 1998.—In the behaving rat, theta rhythm was dominant during walking and rapid-eye-movement sleep, while irregular slow activity predominated during immobility and slow-wave sleep. Oscillatory ...
... LEUNG, L. S. Generation of theta and gamma rhythms in the hippocampus. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV 22(2), 275–290, 1998.—In the behaving rat, theta rhythm was dominant during walking and rapid-eye-movement sleep, while irregular slow activity predominated during immobility and slow-wave sleep. Oscillatory ...
The distribution of retino‐collicular axon terminals in rhesus monkey
... and contributed primarily by the contralateral eye. In the remaining binocular segment of the superior colliculus the retinal projections showed a marked degree of local patterning, that in many instances appeared as bands of label. By combining eye removal and eye injection procedures in a single a ...
... and contributed primarily by the contralateral eye. In the remaining binocular segment of the superior colliculus the retinal projections showed a marked degree of local patterning, that in many instances appeared as bands of label. By combining eye removal and eye injection procedures in a single a ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... cortex), and motor control (motor cortex, premotor cortex, spinal cord). The cingulate cortex also contains within it three motor areas: the rostral, dorsal, and ventral cingulate motor areas (CMAs). These are located in the cingulate sulcus and project directly to the motor cortex and the spinal co ...
... cortex), and motor control (motor cortex, premotor cortex, spinal cord). The cingulate cortex also contains within it three motor areas: the rostral, dorsal, and ventral cingulate motor areas (CMAs). These are located in the cingulate sulcus and project directly to the motor cortex and the spinal co ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the activity of these cells cannot be explained by any covert movement on the part of the monkey. The question arises as to how output cells (pyramidal tract neurons, P ...
... during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the activity of these cells cannot be explained by any covert movement on the part of the monkey. The question arises as to how output cells (pyramidal tract neurons, P ...
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. Developmental Cell. 2012, Nov 13 23(5):925-38. Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
... (A and B) GFP-labeled coronal hemisections show interneuron migration defects in Arl13bLox/Lox;Dlx5/6-CIE mutants, with clusters of cells stuck at the pallialsubpallial boundary (5B, arrow). (C and D) Loss of characteristic interneuronal migratory streams in Arl13bLox/Lox;Dlx5/6-CIE cortex. Arrowhea ...
... (A and B) GFP-labeled coronal hemisections show interneuron migration defects in Arl13bLox/Lox;Dlx5/6-CIE mutants, with clusters of cells stuck at the pallialsubpallial boundary (5B, arrow). (C and D) Loss of characteristic interneuronal migratory streams in Arl13bLox/Lox;Dlx5/6-CIE cortex. Arrowhea ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.