Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... circuitry. Direct stimulation of the vSUB increases the population of active DA neurons in the VTA via polysynaptic pathways relayed through the NAc (Grace et al., 2007). Although the vSUB does not project directly to the VTA DA neurons, it can indirectly activate DA neuronal impulse activity and in ...
... circuitry. Direct stimulation of the vSUB increases the population of active DA neurons in the VTA via polysynaptic pathways relayed through the NAc (Grace et al., 2007). Although the vSUB does not project directly to the VTA DA neurons, it can indirectly activate DA neuronal impulse activity and in ...
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... 21. When a cell is “at rest,” it is in a state called the __________. a) stopping point b) obcipitation junction Incorrect. This is a fictitious word. c) resting potential Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called the resting potential. d) action potential ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The me ...
... 21. When a cell is “at rest,” it is in a state called the __________. a) stopping point b) obcipitation junction Incorrect. This is a fictitious word. c) resting potential Correct. A cell at rest is in a state called the resting potential. d) action potential ANS: c, p. 40, C, LO=2.2, (1) 22. The me ...
Words in the brain`s language
... strongly lateralized and distributed over perisylvian cortices; (2) assemblies representing highly abstract words such as grammatical function words are also strongly lateralized and restricted to these perisylvian regions; (3) assemblies representing concrete content words include additional neuron ...
... strongly lateralized and distributed over perisylvian cortices; (2) assemblies representing highly abstract words such as grammatical function words are also strongly lateralized and restricted to these perisylvian regions; (3) assemblies representing concrete content words include additional neuron ...
Postnatal Development of the Corticospinal Tract in the Reeler Mouse
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
... Corticospinal tract (CST) neurons are located in layer V of the motor cortex, and send their axons to the spinal motoneurons, directly (5, 23) or indirectly (2, 35). The CST forms the longest axonal projection in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The development of CST axons is the latest ...
Enlargement of Axo-Somatic Contacts Formed by
... These studies suggest that altered activity of the PFC may contribute to the behavioral phenotype of AN among humans and of ABA among rodents, thereby ultimately affecting individuals’ decisions to exercise or to eat. Excitability of the PFC is determined, in part, by the intracortical circuitry com ...
... These studies suggest that altered activity of the PFC may contribute to the behavioral phenotype of AN among humans and of ABA among rodents, thereby ultimately affecting individuals’ decisions to exercise or to eat. Excitability of the PFC is determined, in part, by the intracortical circuitry com ...
Immunohistochemical description of the endogenous cannabinoid
... Analysis of the CB1 receptor expression in the rat brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry has provided important insights into the functional neuroanatomy of the endocannabinoid system (Matsuda et al., 1993; Pettit et al., 1998; Egertová and Elphick, 2000; Van Sickle ...
... Analysis of the CB1 receptor expression in the rat brain by in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry has provided important insights into the functional neuroanatomy of the endocannabinoid system (Matsuda et al., 1993; Pettit et al., 1998; Egertová and Elphick, 2000; Van Sickle ...
Ecology and Echolocation of Bats and Toothed Whales
... Pulses can be emitted at different paces, i.e pulse repetition rates, depending on whether it is searching for prey (low repetition rate: several pulses per second) or closing in on prey (high repetition rate: up to 150 pulses per second) (Covey & Casseday, 1999). Three distinct phases have been rec ...
... Pulses can be emitted at different paces, i.e pulse repetition rates, depending on whether it is searching for prey (low repetition rate: several pulses per second) or closing in on prey (high repetition rate: up to 150 pulses per second) (Covey & Casseday, 1999). Three distinct phases have been rec ...
Differential Characteristics of Face Neuron Responses Within the
... temporal gyrus (ITG), which is known to be related to shortterm and long-term visual memory (Naya et al. 2001). The caudal region of the anterior STS receives input from the posterior ITG, as well as from the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), posterior parahippocampal areas (areas TF and TH), and prestria ...
... temporal gyrus (ITG), which is known to be related to shortterm and long-term visual memory (Naya et al. 2001). The caudal region of the anterior STS receives input from the posterior ITG, as well as from the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), posterior parahippocampal areas (areas TF and TH), and prestria ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... and McGinty, 1986). However, the precise anatomical distribution of these neurons in the POA and BFB and their unit activity profiles during state transitions are still uncertain, but this knowledge is a prerequisite for an understanding of the generation and/or maintenance of behavioral states. In ...
... and McGinty, 1986). However, the precise anatomical distribution of these neurons in the POA and BFB and their unit activity profiles during state transitions are still uncertain, but this knowledge is a prerequisite for an understanding of the generation and/or maintenance of behavioral states. In ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... is indeed increased activity in specific brain areas during REM sleep as compared to non-REM sleep and functional changes occur in extensive neuronal circuitry across the sleep-wake cycle. It was shown that non-REM sleep is characterized by a widespread decline in the activity in association-cortex ...
... is indeed increased activity in specific brain areas during REM sleep as compared to non-REM sleep and functional changes occur in extensive neuronal circuitry across the sleep-wake cycle. It was shown that non-REM sleep is characterized by a widespread decline in the activity in association-cortex ...
Delineation of a frequency-organized region isolated from the
... THE PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX of the mammalian brain is widely known to receive the first thalamic inputs that convey peripheral sensory information, such as hearing and vision. In the auditory cortex, the primary auditory cortex (AI) is the main recipient of information from the ears into the cortex a ...
... THE PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX of the mammalian brain is widely known to receive the first thalamic inputs that convey peripheral sensory information, such as hearing and vision. In the auditory cortex, the primary auditory cortex (AI) is the main recipient of information from the ears into the cortex a ...
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... wake, light and deep non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. This review is concerned with current knowledge on these state transitions, focusing primarily on those findings that allow the integration of data at cellular level with spectral time-course data at the en ...
... wake, light and deep non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. This review is concerned with current knowledge on these state transitions, focusing primarily on those findings that allow the integration of data at cellular level with spectral time-course data at the en ...
Time Course and Time–Distance Relationships for Surround
... (Knierim and Van Essen, 1992; Lamme, 1995; Zipser et al., 1996) found that surround modulation was delayed relative to CRFdriven responses and suggested that the delay was consistent with feedback. However, horizontal propagation within V1 is probably slow (Grinvald et al., 1994; Nowak and Bullier, ...
... (Knierim and Van Essen, 1992; Lamme, 1995; Zipser et al., 1996) found that surround modulation was delayed relative to CRFdriven responses and suggested that the delay was consistent with feedback. However, horizontal propagation within V1 is probably slow (Grinvald et al., 1994; Nowak and Bullier, ...
One Computer Scientist`s (Deep) Superior Colliculus
... Every natural organism embodies solutions to a host of ecological problems, found through eons of evolution. The study of these solutions and their applications in technical settings is called biomimetics and it has been a driving force in many areas of research. Biomimetic approaches at various lev ...
... Every natural organism embodies solutions to a host of ecological problems, found through eons of evolution. The study of these solutions and their applications in technical settings is called biomimetics and it has been a driving force in many areas of research. Biomimetic approaches at various lev ...
Altered neural reward and loss processing and
... neural responses during anticipation and receipt of gains and losses and related PE-signals. Additionally, we assessed the relationship between neural responsivity during gain/loss processing and hedonic capacity. When compared with healthy controls, depressed individuals showed reduced fronto-stria ...
... neural responses during anticipation and receipt of gains and losses and related PE-signals. Additionally, we assessed the relationship between neural responsivity during gain/loss processing and hedonic capacity. When compared with healthy controls, depressed individuals showed reduced fronto-stria ...
University of Groningen Gustatory neural processing in the
... the frequency of occurrence of specific taste cells) remained virtually unchanged between the CT and the NTS neurons . Norgren and Nakamura also showed 114 that taste neurons in behaving animals responded differently from those in anesthetized preparations. In awake animals NTS neurons responded mor ...
... the frequency of occurrence of specific taste cells) remained virtually unchanged between the CT and the NTS neurons . Norgren and Nakamura also showed 114 that taste neurons in behaving animals responded differently from those in anesthetized preparations. In awake animals NTS neurons responded mor ...
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... 2000). The generation of diverse neuronal phenotypes is controlled by multiple extracellular and intracellular mechanisms operating in neuroepithelial progenitors and/or postmitotic neurons (Jessell, 2000). For example, in the ventral spinal cord, exposure of proliferating progenitors to the graded ...
... 2000). The generation of diverse neuronal phenotypes is controlled by multiple extracellular and intracellular mechanisms operating in neuroepithelial progenitors and/or postmitotic neurons (Jessell, 2000). For example, in the ventral spinal cord, exposure of proliferating progenitors to the graded ...
The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
donepezil dose-dependently inhibits acetylcholinesterase activity in
... Abstract—In the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease, donepezil (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent aff ...
... Abstract—In the symptomatic treatment of mild to moderately severe dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease, donepezil (E2020) has been introduced for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the human brain. However, there is no morphological evidence as to how this chemical agent aff ...
Critical role of extracellularly secreted neuronal pentraxin 1 in
... ischemic stroke, for different time periods (2? 8 h). Oxygen glucose deprivation showed characteristic morphological changes of dying cells, OGD time-dependent induction of NP1 (2-4-fold) and increased neuronal death. In contrast, the NP1-KO cortical neurons were healthy and showed no sign of dying ...
... ischemic stroke, for different time periods (2? 8 h). Oxygen glucose deprivation showed characteristic morphological changes of dying cells, OGD time-dependent induction of NP1 (2-4-fold) and increased neuronal death. In contrast, the NP1-KO cortical neurons were healthy and showed no sign of dying ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... Figure 3. (Opposite.) Recording site locations and response profiles of neurons. (a) Dorsal (top) and isometric (bottom) views of 356 colour-coded spheres indicating the responses and stereotaxic coordinates of neurons tested with sequential stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Neur ...
... Figure 3. (Opposite.) Recording site locations and response profiles of neurons. (a) Dorsal (top) and isometric (bottom) views of 356 colour-coded spheres indicating the responses and stereotaxic coordinates of neurons tested with sequential stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors. Neur ...
- The Human Brain
... For the clinician 'basal ganglia disorders' refer to syndromes with pathological findings in one or several nuclei in the highly interrelated group o f nuclei at the base o f the brain belonging to telencephalon as well as to diencephalon and even mesencephalon (caudatum-putamen-pallidum-thalamus-su ...
... For the clinician 'basal ganglia disorders' refer to syndromes with pathological findings in one or several nuclei in the highly interrelated group o f nuclei at the base o f the brain belonging to telencephalon as well as to diencephalon and even mesencephalon (caudatum-putamen-pallidum-thalamus-su ...
Neural systems for guilt from actions affecting self versus others
... In parallel to these studies of emotion, social cognition research has uncovered the neural systems associated with empathy or adopting the thoughts, feelings, and emotions of others (Amodio and Frith, 2006; Mason and Macrae, 2008). Empathy requires the subjective understanding and experiencing of o ...
... In parallel to these studies of emotion, social cognition research has uncovered the neural systems associated with empathy or adopting the thoughts, feelings, and emotions of others (Amodio and Frith, 2006; Mason and Macrae, 2008). Empathy requires the subjective understanding and experiencing of o ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is located in the upper brainstem and has an irregular shape delimited by the borders of its population of cholinergic neurons. The PPN has been conserved in evolution across species and is present in early mammals and amphibians (Marin et al., 1998; Grillner et al ...
... The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is located in the upper brainstem and has an irregular shape delimited by the borders of its population of cholinergic neurons. The PPN has been conserved in evolution across species and is present in early mammals and amphibians (Marin et al., 1998; Grillner et al ...
Separate Representations of Target and Timing Cue Locations in
... the occurrence of each of these events was therefore predictable. In the memory-guided saccade task, in contrast, these events followed variable intervals ( fixation, 1,000 –1,300 ms; memory, 700 – 1,000 ms) and the occurrence of these events was thus not predictable. The timing-cue and target locat ...
... the occurrence of each of these events was therefore predictable. In the memory-guided saccade task, in contrast, these events followed variable intervals ( fixation, 1,000 –1,300 ms; memory, 700 – 1,000 ms) and the occurrence of these events was thus not predictable. The timing-cue and target locat ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.