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Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... Blocks 1 and 2 of the antisaccade task were different in their cue-reward contingencies. However, because these contingencies are not necessary information for monkeys in performing the task, we could not check whether the monkey really noticed the block change only by the antisaccade task. To confir ...
... Blocks 1 and 2 of the antisaccade task were different in their cue-reward contingencies. However, because these contingencies are not necessary information for monkeys in performing the task, we could not check whether the monkey really noticed the block change only by the antisaccade task. To confir ...
Insect Bio-inspired Neural Network Provides New Evidence on How
... University of London, London, United Kingdom, 2 Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom, 3 School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom ...
... University of London, London, United Kingdom, 2 Google DeepMind, London, United Kingdom, 3 School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom ...
Mechanisms of Contour Perception in Monkey Visual Cortex. I. Lines
... To learn about the neural mechanismof contour perception we recorded the activity of cells in the monkey visual cortex and compared the responsesto linesand edgeswith the activity produced by anomalous-contourfiguressimilar to thoseof Figure 1. If the activity of orientation-sensitive cortical neuro ...
... To learn about the neural mechanismof contour perception we recorded the activity of cells in the monkey visual cortex and compared the responsesto linesand edgeswith the activity produced by anomalous-contourfiguressimilar to thoseof Figure 1. If the activity of orientation-sensitive cortical neuro ...
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... outstretched, we cannot extend it further. More generally, the distribution of possible movements is conditioned on the state of our bodies in the environment, which is constantly changing. However, ...
... outstretched, we cannot extend it further. More generally, the distribution of possible movements is conditioned on the state of our bodies in the environment, which is constantly changing. However, ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... The inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) intercepts and modulates all corticothalamic and thalamocortical communications. Previous studies showed that projections from sensory and motor cortices originate in layer VI and terminate as small boutons in central and caudal TRN. Here we show that ...
... The inhibitory thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) intercepts and modulates all corticothalamic and thalamocortical communications. Previous studies showed that projections from sensory and motor cortices originate in layer VI and terminate as small boutons in central and caudal TRN. Here we show that ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... (designated CB1) (Devane and others 1988). This finding led to the cloning of the brain CB1 receptor (Matsuda and others 1990) and the identification of a peripheral CB2 receptor (Munro and others 1993), both of which are G protein--coupled receptors. The discovery of the endogenous cannabinoids anand ...
... (designated CB1) (Devane and others 1988). This finding led to the cloning of the brain CB1 receptor (Matsuda and others 1990) and the identification of a peripheral CB2 receptor (Munro and others 1993), both of which are G protein--coupled receptors. The discovery of the endogenous cannabinoids anand ...
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
... The brain is the most complex computational device known to Man. Not only does it mediate our orientation in both external (physical) and internal worlds, but—even more astonishingly—the brain enables study of itself. Yet, this amazing device is composed of only a limited set of neurons and their co ...
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... outgrowth inhibition molecule, myelin-associated glycoprotein, to facilitate recovery of motor skills in a nonhuman primate model of ischemic cortical damage. Methods—Using a between-groups repeated-measures design, squirrel monkeys were randomized to 1 of 2 groups: an experimental group received in ...
... outgrowth inhibition molecule, myelin-associated glycoprotein, to facilitate recovery of motor skills in a nonhuman primate model of ischemic cortical damage. Methods—Using a between-groups repeated-measures design, squirrel monkeys were randomized to 1 of 2 groups: an experimental group received in ...
Laminar differences in plasticity in area 17 following retinal lesions
... Small electrolytic lesions (10 mA for 20 s) were made at the end of each electrode track. At the end of the recording session the animal was deeply anaesthetized (120±200 mg of sodium pentobarbitone, i.v.) and perfused transcardially (with descending aorta clamped) with 700 mL of warm (37 8C) Hartma ...
... Small electrolytic lesions (10 mA for 20 s) were made at the end of each electrode track. At the end of the recording session the animal was deeply anaesthetized (120±200 mg of sodium pentobarbitone, i.v.) and perfused transcardially (with descending aorta clamped) with 700 mL of warm (37 8C) Hartma ...
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... 14. Regarding the nervous system, which of the following statements is FALSE? a) Nerves are not the same as neurons and can be visible to the human eye. b) The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c) There are more neurons than glial cells in the nervous system. d) A nerve is best define ...
... 14. Regarding the nervous system, which of the following statements is FALSE? a) Nerves are not the same as neurons and can be visible to the human eye. b) The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c) There are more neurons than glial cells in the nervous system. d) A nerve is best define ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... Understanding how the brain acquires, analyzes, stores and retrieves sensory information is one of the most compelling questions in neuroscience. Central to information processing, are neural networks that interconnect the thalamus and the neocortex. Rather than being static, these neural pathways a ...
... Understanding how the brain acquires, analyzes, stores and retrieves sensory information is one of the most compelling questions in neuroscience. Central to information processing, are neural networks that interconnect the thalamus and the neocortex. Rather than being static, these neural pathways a ...
Cross modality matching of brightness and loudness
... Department of Communication Disorders, BYU Master of Science Cross modality matching is a magnitude matching procedure, developed to study the relationships between sensory modalities. Auditory and visual sensory integration can be examined through cross modality matching of brightness and loudness. ...
... Department of Communication Disorders, BYU Master of Science Cross modality matching is a magnitude matching procedure, developed to study the relationships between sensory modalities. Auditory and visual sensory integration can be examined through cross modality matching of brightness and loudness. ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... Murali et al., 2003; Hirshkowitz and Schmidt, 2005). However, in this review article, we will mainly focus on the neuronal mechanisms of REM sleep generation and muscle atonia, and briefly describe the other cardinal signs of REM sleep at the end. ...
... Murali et al., 2003; Hirshkowitz and Schmidt, 2005). However, in this review article, we will mainly focus on the neuronal mechanisms of REM sleep generation and muscle atonia, and briefly describe the other cardinal signs of REM sleep at the end. ...
working draft - DAVID KAPLAN | Macquarie University
... For example, Fitts’ law describes the tradeoff (negative correlation) between speed and accuracy in goal-directed, human motor behavior. The WeberFechner law describes the robust psychological finding that the just-noticeable difference between two sensory stimuli is proportional to their magnitudes ...
... For example, Fitts’ law describes the tradeoff (negative correlation) between speed and accuracy in goal-directed, human motor behavior. The WeberFechner law describes the robust psychological finding that the just-noticeable difference between two sensory stimuli is proportional to their magnitudes ...
Evidence for time division multiplexing of multiple simultaneous
... phenomena as variable neural firing, neural oscillations, and limits in attentional or memory ...
... phenomena as variable neural firing, neural oscillations, and limits in attentional or memory ...
Empathic choice involves vmPFC value signals that are modulated
... were bidding would receive any DVD purchased plus any remaining cash from the $10. Note that since only one trial was selected to count, the subjects did not have to worry about spreading the $10 dollars across the different films and could treat every decision as if it were the only one. No decepti ...
... were bidding would receive any DVD purchased plus any remaining cash from the $10. Note that since only one trial was selected to count, the subjects did not have to worry about spreading the $10 dollars across the different films and could treat every decision as if it were the only one. No decepti ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... relation to reward expectancy and compared findings with those of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in the monkey. Activity of OFC neurons was examined in a delayed reaction time task where every four trials constituted one block within which three kinds of rewards and no reward were delivered in ...
... relation to reward expectancy and compared findings with those of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in the monkey. Activity of OFC neurons was examined in a delayed reaction time task where every four trials constituted one block within which three kinds of rewards and no reward were delivered in ...
Expression of the Emx-1 and Dlx-1 homeobox genes define three
... are thus homologous (Karten, 1991; Butler, 1994). This hypothesis is based on evidence that the ADVR is not, as previously thought, a striatal formation, but shares many neurochemical, connectional and physiological similarities with the mammalian isocortex. In contrast, the posterior basal part of ...
... are thus homologous (Karten, 1991; Butler, 1994). This hypothesis is based on evidence that the ADVR is not, as previously thought, a striatal formation, but shares many neurochemical, connectional and physiological similarities with the mammalian isocortex. In contrast, the posterior basal part of ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... cases (cases AY, BG, BC, BA), and included the entire segment with label at the matched level of Ts1. The average size of the pieces for ultrathin sectioning after trimming was 430 3 550 lm. The average size of tissue from layer I (300 3 400 lm) was smaller than for the middle layers (500 3 650 lm), ...
... cases (cases AY, BG, BC, BA), and included the entire segment with label at the matched level of Ts1. The average size of the pieces for ultrathin sectioning after trimming was 430 3 550 lm. The average size of tissue from layer I (300 3 400 lm) was smaller than for the middle layers (500 3 650 lm), ...
Sources of the Scalp-Recorded Amplitude
... The scalp-recorded amplitude-modulation following response (AMFR),, is gaining recognition as an objective audiometric tool, but little is known about the neural sources that underlie this potential . We hypothesized, based on our human studies and single-unit recordings in animals, that the scalp-r ...
... The scalp-recorded amplitude-modulation following response (AMFR),, is gaining recognition as an objective audiometric tool, but little is known about the neural sources that underlie this potential . We hypothesized, based on our human studies and single-unit recordings in animals, that the scalp-r ...
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... (Okaty et al., 2015). Gad1-expressing Pet1! neurons were identified in a 5-HT neuronal lineage defined by embryonic expression of Egr2 and by arising from rhombomere 5 (r5). These mature r5Egr2-Pet1 neurons have GABAergic and serotonergic features, as suggested by prior anatomical studies (Stamp and ...
... (Okaty et al., 2015). Gad1-expressing Pet1! neurons were identified in a 5-HT neuronal lineage defined by embryonic expression of Egr2 and by arising from rhombomere 5 (r5). These mature r5Egr2-Pet1 neurons have GABAergic and serotonergic features, as suggested by prior anatomical studies (Stamp and ...
Synchronisation hubs in the visual cortex may arise from strong
... predict that the strength and orientation tuning of synaptic inhibition are heterogeneous across area 17 neurons, which could have important implications for these neurons’ sensory processing capabilities. Furthermore, although our experimental recordings were conducted in the visual cortex, our mod ...
... predict that the strength and orientation tuning of synaptic inhibition are heterogeneous across area 17 neurons, which could have important implications for these neurons’ sensory processing capabilities. Furthermore, although our experimental recordings were conducted in the visual cortex, our mod ...
Cortical areas are linked through pathways which originate and
... neurons in their deep layers when they project to eulaminate areas as well as when they communicate with each other? What is the pattern of connection between eulaminate areas with different laminar organization? What is the relative distribution of projection neurons or axonal terminals in differen ...
... neurons in their deep layers when they project to eulaminate areas as well as when they communicate with each other? What is the pattern of connection between eulaminate areas with different laminar organization? What is the relative distribution of projection neurons or axonal terminals in differen ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... defining feature of mirror neurons – their capacity to match observed with executed actions – we can refer to genetic evolution. Furthermore, while both hypotheses allow that sensory experience and motor experience may facilitate mirror neuron development, the associative account does, and the adapta ...
... defining feature of mirror neurons – their capacity to match observed with executed actions – we can refer to genetic evolution. Furthermore, while both hypotheses allow that sensory experience and motor experience may facilitate mirror neuron development, the associative account does, and the adapta ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Neural_Correlates_Of_Consciousness.jpg?width=300)
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.