Thalamic Circuit Diversity: Modulation of the Driver/Modulator
... a supralinear fashion. Such convergence therefore provides a mechanism for the synergistic amplification of signals within a narrow temporal window. In this case the convergence of two driver inputs may report the relative timing between sensory events and ongoing cortical activity. ...
... a supralinear fashion. Such convergence therefore provides a mechanism for the synergistic amplification of signals within a narrow temporal window. In this case the convergence of two driver inputs may report the relative timing between sensory events and ongoing cortical activity. ...
Inhibitory interneurons in the piriform cortex
... (aPC) and posterior (pPC) regions, with the boundary at the caudal end of the LOT.16 A coronal slice taken from the aPC has the typical trilaminar structure shown schematically in Figure 1B. Layer I contains many axons and dendrites but only a few neuronal somata. The more superficial part (Layer I ...
... (aPC) and posterior (pPC) regions, with the boundary at the caudal end of the LOT.16 A coronal slice taken from the aPC has the typical trilaminar structure shown schematically in Figure 1B. Layer I contains many axons and dendrites but only a few neuronal somata. The more superficial part (Layer I ...
NIH Public Access
... Inhibitory interneurons are essential components of the neural circuits underlying various brain functions. In the neocortex, a large diversity of GABAergic interneurons have been identified based on their morphology, molecular markers, biophysical properties, and innervation pattern1,2,3. However, ...
... Inhibitory interneurons are essential components of the neural circuits underlying various brain functions. In the neocortex, a large diversity of GABAergic interneurons have been identified based on their morphology, molecular markers, biophysical properties, and innervation pattern1,2,3. However, ...
The Preoptic Nucleus in Fishes: A Comparative Discussion of
... Each cell type was found to have many fine dendritic branches within the PN itself. One cell was found to have more extensive dendritic branches laterally and to receive olfactory input, and another was found to have a special extension to the ependyma that in some cases actually made contact with t ...
... Each cell type was found to have many fine dendritic branches within the PN itself. One cell was found to have more extensive dendritic branches laterally and to receive olfactory input, and another was found to have a special extension to the ependyma that in some cases actually made contact with t ...
Escape behavior and neuronal responses to looming stimuli in the
... Introduction Looming images can provide animals with information about the speed and direction of approach of objects, when both these objects and the animals themselves move. The ability to detect and react to looming objects is present in most visual animals from insects to mammals, even though th ...
... Introduction Looming images can provide animals with information about the speed and direction of approach of objects, when both these objects and the animals themselves move. The ability to detect and react to looming objects is present in most visual animals from insects to mammals, even though th ...
The Beautiful Brain - Weisman Art Museum
... Cajal did not set out to be a scientist. In fact, he wanted to be an artist, but this was not considered an appropriate ambition in rural Spain where he grew up. When he was about fifteen his father did allow him to enroll in the Academy of Arts. The school’s director said he was the most brilliant ...
... Cajal did not set out to be a scientist. In fact, he wanted to be an artist, but this was not considered an appropriate ambition in rural Spain where he grew up. When he was about fifteen his father did allow him to enroll in the Academy of Arts. The school’s director said he was the most brilliant ...
Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... analogue of mammalian prefrontal cortex, represent information useful for goal-directed behavior. We subjected pigeons to a go-nogo task, in which responding to one visual stimulus (S+) was partially reinforced, responding to another stimulus (S–) was punished, and responding to test stimuli from th ...
... analogue of mammalian prefrontal cortex, represent information useful for goal-directed behavior. We subjected pigeons to a go-nogo task, in which responding to one visual stimulus (S+) was partially reinforced, responding to another stimulus (S–) was punished, and responding to test stimuli from th ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
... the AN to the wait state. The AN encodes the CS–US associations by making CS triggered transitions to the state that represents the value of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bia ...
... the AN to the wait state. The AN encodes the CS–US associations by making CS triggered transitions to the state that represents the value of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bia ...
paradoxical sleep - Bakersfield College
... Circuits of neurons that secrete at least five different neurotransmitters play a role in some aspect of an animal’s level of alertness and wakefulness—what is commonly called arousal: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and orexin (Wada et al., 1991; McCormick, 1992; Marrocco, Witt ...
... Circuits of neurons that secrete at least five different neurotransmitters play a role in some aspect of an animal’s level of alertness and wakefulness—what is commonly called arousal: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and orexin (Wada et al., 1991; McCormick, 1992; Marrocco, Witt ...
Neuronal fiber tracts connecting the brain and ventral nerve cord of
... Given that many behaviors make use of the same muscles/ motor neurons (e.g., wing beating in flies is part of flight and mating behavior), one must view the pattern generators as groups of interneurons that interconnect motor neurons in such a way that different motor neuron activity patterns result. ...
... Given that many behaviors make use of the same muscles/ motor neurons (e.g., wing beating in flies is part of flight and mating behavior), one must view the pattern generators as groups of interneurons that interconnect motor neurons in such a way that different motor neuron activity patterns result. ...
Biological Foundations of Behavior
... © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved ...
... © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... activity during a task discriminating between hues of gray. Then, within these areas, they tested whether the activity during retrieval of color knowledge (e.g., TAXI = yellow) was greater than that during a control task requiring subjects to evaluate whether a particular motor property was associat ...
... activity during a task discriminating between hues of gray. Then, within these areas, they tested whether the activity during retrieval of color knowledge (e.g., TAXI = yellow) was greater than that during a control task requiring subjects to evaluate whether a particular motor property was associat ...
cur op e-print version
... In his nihilistic novel, “The End of the Road,” John Barth introduces a protagonist who falls prisoner to his own indecision. To Jacob Horner, the predicted consequences of all actions have become equivalent. Thus, he sits, immobile, on a railroad station bench. Frozen there throughout an entire nig ...
... In his nihilistic novel, “The End of the Road,” John Barth introduces a protagonist who falls prisoner to his own indecision. To Jacob Horner, the predicted consequences of all actions have become equivalent. Thus, he sits, immobile, on a railroad station bench. Frozen there throughout an entire nig ...
download file
... sensory environment is continuously modified by experience. Changes in spatial (receptive field) and temporal response properties of cortical neurons underlie many forms of natural learning. The scale and direction of these changes appear to be determined by specific features of the behavioral tasks ...
... sensory environment is continuously modified by experience. Changes in spatial (receptive field) and temporal response properties of cortical neurons underlie many forms of natural learning. The scale and direction of these changes appear to be determined by specific features of the behavioral tasks ...
Ch. 14 CNS textbook
... to be composed of two major divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The reason for designating two distinct divisions is to make the study of the nervous system easier. In this chapter, we discuss the part of the nervous system that lies at the center of ...
... to be composed of two major divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The reason for designating two distinct divisions is to make the study of the nervous system easier. In this chapter, we discuss the part of the nervous system that lies at the center of ...
What Keeps Us Awake: the Neuropharmacology of Stimulants and
... the etiology of narcolepsy was provided by several studies linking the hypocretin/orexin system to this disease. First, two different animal models with an impaired hypocretin/orexin system—genetic narcoleptic dogs with a mutation in the Hcrt receptor 2 gene,38 and mice with a null mutation of the p ...
... the etiology of narcolepsy was provided by several studies linking the hypocretin/orexin system to this disease. First, two different animal models with an impaired hypocretin/orexin system—genetic narcoleptic dogs with a mutation in the Hcrt receptor 2 gene,38 and mice with a null mutation of the p ...
THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE VISUAL CORTEX AND THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT
... specific response properties of cortical cells emerged during postnatal development. We were also interested in examining the role of visual experience in normal development, a question raised and discussed by philosophers since the time of Descartes. The design of these experiments was undoubtedly ...
... specific response properties of cortical cells emerged during postnatal development. We were also interested in examining the role of visual experience in normal development, a question raised and discussed by philosophers since the time of Descartes. The design of these experiments was undoubtedly ...
Tutorial on Pattern Classification in Cell Recording
... machine-learning classification algorithms). However, instead of comparing different ML algorithms, here we assess how accurately a particular algorithm can extract information about different experimental conditions in order to better understand how the brain processes information. These procedures ...
... machine-learning classification algorithms). However, instead of comparing different ML algorithms, here we assess how accurately a particular algorithm can extract information about different experimental conditions in order to better understand how the brain processes information. These procedures ...
An Introduction To Human Neuroanatomy
... This Introduction to Human Neuroanatomy provides a look at the structure of the human brain. In it, we will explore each major region of the brain, as well as the brain’s coverings, blood supply, and ventricular system. We hope that this presentation proves interesting and informative. Please feel f ...
... This Introduction to Human Neuroanatomy provides a look at the structure of the human brain. In it, we will explore each major region of the brain, as well as the brain’s coverings, blood supply, and ventricular system. We hope that this presentation proves interesting and informative. Please feel f ...
Guzowski et al - Psychology and Neuroscience
... in behavioral studies. Despite this, the association between IEG expression and specific neural coding has remained largely unclear. This uncertainty stems from the methodologies used in most IEG studies, which have made it difficult to distinguish gene induction that is specifically linked to infor ...
... in behavioral studies. Despite this, the association between IEG expression and specific neural coding has remained largely unclear. This uncertainty stems from the methodologies used in most IEG studies, which have made it difficult to distinguish gene induction that is specifically linked to infor ...
Computational models of reinforcement learning
... side, it has become clear that RL results from the complex interactions between different computational subsystems describing processes internal to the organisms and accounting for its interactions with the environment (Fig. 1; Sutton and Barto 1998; Freeman 2007). On the biological side, it has als ...
... side, it has become clear that RL results from the complex interactions between different computational subsystems describing processes internal to the organisms and accounting for its interactions with the environment (Fig. 1; Sutton and Barto 1998; Freeman 2007). On the biological side, it has als ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... Essex, UK). This protocol was used to perform single or double recordings of neurons. Spikes were often several millivolts in amplitude and always exhibited a biphasic waveform with an initial positive deflection. Recordings of spontaneous activity typically lasted for 4 –25 min. The EEG was recorde ...
... Essex, UK). This protocol was used to perform single or double recordings of neurons. Spikes were often several millivolts in amplitude and always exhibited a biphasic waveform with an initial positive deflection. Recordings of spontaneous activity typically lasted for 4 –25 min. The EEG was recorde ...
Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep
... specifically identify the phenotype of the neurons that were lesioned, and the inconsistent effects on sleep might have occurred because the lesion methods did not destroy the appropriate neurons. To specifically test the hypothesis that lesions of the LH which result in loss of hypocretin-containin ...
... specifically identify the phenotype of the neurons that were lesioned, and the inconsistent effects on sleep might have occurred because the lesion methods did not destroy the appropriate neurons. To specifically test the hypothesis that lesions of the LH which result in loss of hypocretin-containin ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.