Stimuluslocked responses on human arm muscles reveal a rapid
... extremely short latencies, implying the presence of a short-latency neural pathway linking visual input to limb motor output. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie such hastened arm responses. One clue may come from recent demonstrations that the appearance of a visual t ...
... extremely short latencies, implying the presence of a short-latency neural pathway linking visual input to limb motor output. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie such hastened arm responses. One clue may come from recent demonstrations that the appearance of a visual t ...
PDF
... layer of neurons, each representing a specific action. It learned stimulus-action pairs based on the prediction error signal provided by the critic. A winner-take-all rule that can be implemented through lateral inhibition between neurons ensured that only one action was selected at a given time. Us ...
... layer of neurons, each representing a specific action. It learned stimulus-action pairs based on the prediction error signal provided by the critic. A winner-take-all rule that can be implemented through lateral inhibition between neurons ensured that only one action was selected at a given time. Us ...
Modulation of Neuronal Activity in the Monkey Putamen Associated
... especially its dorsolateral part, plays a major role in motor skill learning and habit formation, but it is still unclear how this contribution might be mediated at the neuronal level. We recorded single neurons in the posterior putamen of two monkeys performing an overlearned sequence of arm reachi ...
... especially its dorsolateral part, plays a major role in motor skill learning and habit formation, but it is still unclear how this contribution might be mediated at the neuronal level. We recorded single neurons in the posterior putamen of two monkeys performing an overlearned sequence of arm reachi ...
Age-related differences in brain activity underlying identification of
... session. The alignment parameters were computed by an iterative weighted least squares fit to the reference volume. The peak range of head motion was less than 1.3 mm for all subjects. Motion corrected images were then spatially normalized to an fMRI spiral scan template generated from 30 subjects s ...
... session. The alignment parameters were computed by an iterative weighted least squares fit to the reference volume. The peak range of head motion was less than 1.3 mm for all subjects. Motion corrected images were then spatially normalized to an fMRI spiral scan template generated from 30 subjects s ...
Biomechanics Models Motor Cortex Using Spinal Cord and Limb
... predicts observed phenomena. Finally, one may use self-organizing neural network models whereby the redundancy is resolved by the dynamics of these systems. Although each of these approaches possesses its merit, we have chosen to base our derivation on optimal control theory, which fits in nicely wi ...
... predicts observed phenomena. Finally, one may use self-organizing neural network models whereby the redundancy is resolved by the dynamics of these systems. Although each of these approaches possesses its merit, we have chosen to base our derivation on optimal control theory, which fits in nicely wi ...
Prenatal morphine exposure alters the layer II/III pyramidal neurons
... audio stimulus (Kenny and Turkewitz, 1986; Lewkowicz and Turkewitz, 1981), for example, the newborns’ optimal or preferred amount of stimulation is based on the total amount or intensity of stimulus input (Lawson and Turkewitz, 1980). Additionally, the visual and auditory experience is important not ...
... audio stimulus (Kenny and Turkewitz, 1986; Lewkowicz and Turkewitz, 1981), for example, the newborns’ optimal or preferred amount of stimulation is based on the total amount or intensity of stimulus input (Lawson and Turkewitz, 1980). Additionally, the visual and auditory experience is important not ...
KIDS, Inc. - School Neuropsychology
... Certification Program or the School Neuropsychology Alumni Connection Blackboard™ site without the express written consent from KIDS, Inc. ...
... Certification Program or the School Neuropsychology Alumni Connection Blackboard™ site without the express written consent from KIDS, Inc. ...
Vision in Drosophila - University of Queensland
... aspects of visual processing (Figure 2). The modularity begins in the retina, where 750 individual facets, called ommatidia, make up each compound eye. Each ommatidium is physically separated from its neighbor and contains one each of eight different photoreceptor (R) cells called R1–8 (37). The mod ...
... aspects of visual processing (Figure 2). The modularity begins in the retina, where 750 individual facets, called ommatidia, make up each compound eye. Each ommatidium is physically separated from its neighbor and contains one each of eight different photoreceptor (R) cells called R1–8 (37). The mod ...
Opposite Effects of Amphetamine Self
... et al., 1999; McAlonan and Brown, 2003; Schoenbaum et al., 2003). Together, these studies indicate that, apart from changes in the ‘traditional’ reward circuit of the brain, psychostimulant drugs also produce alterations in other areas associated with higher-order associative learning and/or respons ...
... et al., 1999; McAlonan and Brown, 2003; Schoenbaum et al., 2003). Together, these studies indicate that, apart from changes in the ‘traditional’ reward circuit of the brain, psychostimulant drugs also produce alterations in other areas associated with higher-order associative learning and/or respons ...
Scene perception: inferior temporal cortex neurons encode the
... possible effects of the salience of any particular stimulus would not bias the results. To this end, we used a set of 141 stimuli during the data collection for these experiments, and any individual stimulus was typically used in only one (63 stimuli) or two (53 stimuli) experiments. Part of the exp ...
... possible effects of the salience of any particular stimulus would not bias the results. To this end, we used a set of 141 stimuli during the data collection for these experiments, and any individual stimulus was typically used in only one (63 stimuli) or two (53 stimuli) experiments. Part of the exp ...
Opposite Effects of Amphetamine Self
... et al., 1999; McAlonan and Brown, 2003; Schoenbaum et al., 2003). Together, these studies indicate that, apart from changes in the ‘traditional’ reward circuit of the brain, psychostimulant drugs also produce alterations in other areas associated with higher-order associative learning and/or respons ...
... et al., 1999; McAlonan and Brown, 2003; Schoenbaum et al., 2003). Together, these studies indicate that, apart from changes in the ‘traditional’ reward circuit of the brain, psychostimulant drugs also produce alterations in other areas associated with higher-order associative learning and/or respons ...
Mental Processes -- How the Mind Arises from the Brain Roger Ellman
... only a matter of a little more time. But, for the phenomenon of human intelligence there is no well developed scientific explanation corresponding to that for evolution, physics, or biology. The human brain and nervous system is a very complicated and sophisticated system. It not only performs the h ...
... only a matter of a little more time. But, for the phenomenon of human intelligence there is no well developed scientific explanation corresponding to that for evolution, physics, or biology. The human brain and nervous system is a very complicated and sophisticated system. It not only performs the h ...
Torsten Wiesel - Biology Courses Server
... Having observed these dramatic effects of monocular suture early in an animal’s life, we wanted to determine if there was a period over which the cortex retained its plasticity. Our experiments in adult cats and monkey6,15 showed that long periods of monocular lid suture did not result in the sort o ...
... Having observed these dramatic effects of monocular suture early in an animal’s life, we wanted to determine if there was a period over which the cortex retained its plasticity. Our experiments in adult cats and monkey6,15 showed that long periods of monocular lid suture did not result in the sort o ...
Representation in the Human Brain of Food Texture and Oral Fat
... conditions of 50 cP. This oil was chosen because it was the most odorless and tasteless of those that could be obtained. The taste stimulus was 1 M sucrose (Sigma, Poole, UK) (which has a viscosity of ⬃2 cP). The tasteless solution was used as a control stimulus for the effects of the somatosensory ...
... conditions of 50 cP. This oil was chosen because it was the most odorless and tasteless of those that could be obtained. The taste stimulus was 1 M sucrose (Sigma, Poole, UK) (which has a viscosity of ⬃2 cP). The tasteless solution was used as a control stimulus for the effects of the somatosensory ...
Embodied cognitive evolution and the cerebellum
... measures such as neocortex ratio underestimate the contribution of the cerebellum to brain evolution. Once differences in the scaling of connectivity in neocortex and cerebellum are accounted for, a marked and general pattern of correlated evolution of the two structures is apparent. One deviation f ...
... measures such as neocortex ratio underestimate the contribution of the cerebellum to brain evolution. Once differences in the scaling of connectivity in neocortex and cerebellum are accounted for, a marked and general pattern of correlated evolution of the two structures is apparent. One deviation f ...
Sample pages PDF
... The dorsolateral region of the prefrontal cortex (areas 9, 10 lateral and 46) (Fig. 2.3) is intimately linked to the rest of the prefrontal cortex and to the dorsomedial and ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus.11 It extends over the dorsolateral region of the caudate nucleus12 and is implicated ...
... The dorsolateral region of the prefrontal cortex (areas 9, 10 lateral and 46) (Fig. 2.3) is intimately linked to the rest of the prefrontal cortex and to the dorsomedial and ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus.11 It extends over the dorsolateral region of the caudate nucleus12 and is implicated ...
Role of the Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamus in
... thermal stimulation of this neural area. Early animal studies showed that warming the carotid blood or irrigating the third ventricle with warm saline produces panting and cutaneous vasodilation [3, 4, 7]. In these early studies, thermal stimulation was crude and not localized. The classic 1938 stud ...
... thermal stimulation of this neural area. Early animal studies showed that warming the carotid blood or irrigating the third ventricle with warm saline produces panting and cutaneous vasodilation [3, 4, 7]. In these early studies, thermal stimulation was crude and not localized. The classic 1938 stud ...
PII: S0006-8993(97) - UCSD Cognitive Science
... was dissolved in distilled water and injected subcutaneously into several bilaterally matched areas of the animals hindpaws Ž n s 5; and face, n s 2 of these 5., or into the hindpaw on the deafferented side Ž n s 8. using a Hamilton microsyringe. One additional normal control rat received unilateral ...
... was dissolved in distilled water and injected subcutaneously into several bilaterally matched areas of the animals hindpaws Ž n s 5; and face, n s 2 of these 5., or into the hindpaw on the deafferented side Ž n s 8. using a Hamilton microsyringe. One additional normal control rat received unilateral ...
Been There, Seen That: A Neural Mechanism for Performing
... This definition helps to exclude saccades that result in short fixation durations during which the animal is clearly aware that the item he is fixating is not the reward loaded target. Fixations with durations of ⬎500 ms were completely informative; if the monkey was looking at a potential target an ...
... This definition helps to exclude saccades that result in short fixation durations during which the animal is clearly aware that the item he is fixating is not the reward loaded target. Fixations with durations of ⬎500 ms were completely informative; if the monkey was looking at a potential target an ...
Role of right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex in self
... self-conscious emotion and that neurodegeneration in this region may underlie the self-conscious emotional decline seen in bvFTD. ...
... self-conscious emotion and that neurodegeneration in this region may underlie the self-conscious emotional decline seen in bvFTD. ...
Nature template
... Numerous studies have reported precise time relations among spikes in the cortex (11-17). In some cases it was claimed that the results were attributed to insufficient statistics (1819). In some cases the analysis was limited to precise synchrony, and in some cases the relations to behavior were not ...
... Numerous studies have reported precise time relations among spikes in the cortex (11-17). In some cases it was claimed that the results were attributed to insufficient statistics (1819). In some cases the analysis was limited to precise synchrony, and in some cases the relations to behavior were not ...
Sensorimotor cortical influences on cuneate nucleus
... It has recently been demonstrated that the existence of low-frequency rhythmic activity (mostly slow, <1 Hz, and δ, 1–4 Hz) in the cuneate nucleus is tightly coupled to the same oscillating patterns of VPL neurons.28 It was also shown that the cuneate neurons display tonic and bursting activity whi ...
... It has recently been demonstrated that the existence of low-frequency rhythmic activity (mostly slow, <1 Hz, and δ, 1–4 Hz) in the cuneate nucleus is tightly coupled to the same oscillating patterns of VPL neurons.28 It was also shown that the cuneate neurons display tonic and bursting activity whi ...
SLEEP
... Destruction in cats produces complete insomnia for 3 4 days with partial recovery afterwards (<2.5 hours sleep per day, all SWS) (Jouvet and Renault 1966) ...
... Destruction in cats produces complete insomnia for 3 4 days with partial recovery afterwards (<2.5 hours sleep per day, all SWS) (Jouvet and Renault 1966) ...
100 The Molecular and Structural Basis of Amblyopia
... have indicated, however, that depression of thalamocortical synaptic transmission after MD is very rapid, occurring at the same rate as the OD shift (Khibnik, Cho, & Bear, 2010). Thus, although modifications of other synapses clearly occur after MD, the changes in thalamocortical synaptic transmissi ...
... have indicated, however, that depression of thalamocortical synaptic transmission after MD is very rapid, occurring at the same rate as the OD shift (Khibnik, Cho, & Bear, 2010). Thus, although modifications of other synapses clearly occur after MD, the changes in thalamocortical synaptic transmissi ...
Temporal Firing Patterns of Purkinje Cells in the Cerebellar Ventral
... containing a motor apparatus. From best-fit parameter values, we can examine which portion of the final motor command is represented by the temporal pattern of the instantaneous firing frequency of neurons in some brain region under consideration. If the firing patterns can be well reconstructed by ...
... containing a motor apparatus. From best-fit parameter values, we can examine which portion of the final motor command is represented by the temporal pattern of the instantaneous firing frequency of neurons in some brain region under consideration. If the firing patterns can be well reconstructed by ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.