Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
... to inhibitory neurons labeled for calbindin (CB) or parvalbumin (PV), which differ in mode of inhibition. Projection neurons in area 10 originated mostly in layers 2--3 and were intermingled with CB inhibitory neurons. In contrast, projections from area 32 originated predominantly in layers 5--6 amo ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... nucleus. The two most ventral layers of the nucleus contain relatively large cells and are known as the magnocellular layers; their main retinal input is from M ganglion cells. The four dorsal layers are known as parvocellular layers and receive input from P ganglion cells. Both the magnocellular an ...
... nucleus. The two most ventral layers of the nucleus contain relatively large cells and are known as the magnocellular layers; their main retinal input is from M ganglion cells. The four dorsal layers are known as parvocellular layers and receive input from P ganglion cells. Both the magnocellular an ...
Somatosensory Cortical Activity in Relation to Arm Posture
... starting arrangement is altered, however, performance degradesquickly. For example, monkeys with bilateral deafferentation of the arms can perform conditioned movements about a single joint (Knapp et al. 1963) , planar pointing movements (Polit and Bizzi 1979)) and even three-dimensional pointing mo ...
... starting arrangement is altered, however, performance degradesquickly. For example, monkeys with bilateral deafferentation of the arms can perform conditioned movements about a single joint (Knapp et al. 1963) , planar pointing movements (Polit and Bizzi 1979)) and even three-dimensional pointing mo ...
Drives and emotions: the hypothalamus and limbic system
... Figure 23-2 Overview of the pivotal role of the hypothalamus in drive-related activities. The hypothalamus can affect autonomic motor neurons both directly and through visceral motor programs in the brainstem and spinal cord, and it can influence visceral structures through its control over the pit ...
... Figure 23-2 Overview of the pivotal role of the hypothalamus in drive-related activities. The hypothalamus can affect autonomic motor neurons both directly and through visceral motor programs in the brainstem and spinal cord, and it can influence visceral structures through its control over the pit ...
Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition,
... An intriguing question centers on the role of sensory information in prefrontal cortices. Another question is how the prefrontal cortex uses sensory information in comparison with other highorder association cortices, such as the parietal cortex (for review, see [121]. One way to begin to address th ...
... An intriguing question centers on the role of sensory information in prefrontal cortices. Another question is how the prefrontal cortex uses sensory information in comparison with other highorder association cortices, such as the parietal cortex (for review, see [121]. One way to begin to address th ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... activity-dependent excitation or disinhibition that operates on a slower timescale. Specifically, we examined such a mechanism in our spatial working memory model, namely the cannabinoidmediated depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI). DSI was first discovered in Purkinje cells in the ...
... activity-dependent excitation or disinhibition that operates on a slower timescale. Specifically, we examined such a mechanism in our spatial working memory model, namely the cannabinoidmediated depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI). DSI was first discovered in Purkinje cells in the ...
Lecture 26-BasalGanglia
... L-dopa exhibits a large first-pass effect Only about 1% reaches brain tissue ...
... L-dopa exhibits a large first-pass effect Only about 1% reaches brain tissue ...
How Do We See the World?
... sound. The brain might just as well convert that neural activity into some other subjective sensation. For instance, imagine that the ear was connected to the visual system. The sound of the tree falling would now become a visual experience rather than an auditory one, because the visual system woul ...
... sound. The brain might just as well convert that neural activity into some other subjective sensation. For instance, imagine that the ear was connected to the visual system. The sound of the tree falling would now become a visual experience rather than an auditory one, because the visual system woul ...
chapter 4 the evolution of body, brain, behavior, and mind in
... expel carbon dioxide. Having a porous skin, they are liable to dry out. Finally, since skin breathing requires a high ratio of surface area to volume, the large-bodied amphibians that have evolved could survive only in moist habitats. Notwithstanding these handicaps, amphibians became dominant creat ...
... expel carbon dioxide. Having a porous skin, they are liable to dry out. Finally, since skin breathing requires a high ratio of surface area to volume, the large-bodied amphibians that have evolved could survive only in moist habitats. Notwithstanding these handicaps, amphibians became dominant creat ...
Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex
... extends beyond the current internal or external environment to restructure an interpretation of the past, as well as to attempt active control of the future. Third, executive control is necessary to initiate new sequences of behavior and also to interrupt other ongoing sequences of responses. Fourth ...
... extends beyond the current internal or external environment to restructure an interpretation of the past, as well as to attempt active control of the future. Third, executive control is necessary to initiate new sequences of behavior and also to interrupt other ongoing sequences of responses. Fourth ...
Neuroethology of reward and decision making
... the real world. While the formal mathematical derivation of the prey model predicts a step-like change in preference, in which one type of prey is always preferred to the exclusion of the other (the ‘zero–one rule’), the birds in Goss-Custard’s study showed ‘partial preferences’ for different types ...
... the real world. While the formal mathematical derivation of the prey model predicts a step-like change in preference, in which one type of prey is always preferred to the exclusion of the other (the ‘zero–one rule’), the birds in Goss-Custard’s study showed ‘partial preferences’ for different types ...
Report - Ben Hayden
... To test this hypothesis, we studied the responses of single neurons, as well as the effects of microstimulation, in CGp in monkeys performing a gambling task. Monkeys prefer the risky option in this task, but their local pattern of choices strongly depends on the most recent reward obtained (Hayden ...
... To test this hypothesis, we studied the responses of single neurons, as well as the effects of microstimulation, in CGp in monkeys performing a gambling task. Monkeys prefer the risky option in this task, but their local pattern of choices strongly depends on the most recent reward obtained (Hayden ...
Depth Perception
... by springs — anticipating the current interest of physicists in spin glasses as a statistical mechanics analog of neural nets. (cf. §4.3 and Chap. 2 of Hertz, Krogh and Palmer) For the brain theorist the issue was thus raised: "Could the depth map be computed by a cooperative process involving reali ...
... by springs — anticipating the current interest of physicists in spin glasses as a statistical mechanics analog of neural nets. (cf. §4.3 and Chap. 2 of Hertz, Krogh and Palmer) For the brain theorist the issue was thus raised: "Could the depth map be computed by a cooperative process involving reali ...
031809.M1-CNS.HypothalmusLimbicSystem
... unlike many other endocrine tissues, the ant. pit. is so dependent on the hypothal that it is not tansplantable ...
... unlike many other endocrine tissues, the ant. pit. is so dependent on the hypothal that it is not tansplantable ...
Perceptual and Semantic Contributions to
... Stimuli were likewise analyzed in terms of their mean harmonics-tonoise ratio (HNR), which was calculated using PRAAT software (http:// www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/). This is a method to quantify and compare dynamic acoustic properties (i.e., periodicity) of sounds (Lewis et al. 2005). The mean (±stand ...
... Stimuli were likewise analyzed in terms of their mean harmonics-tonoise ratio (HNR), which was calculated using PRAAT software (http:// www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/). This is a method to quantify and compare dynamic acoustic properties (i.e., periodicity) of sounds (Lewis et al. 2005). The mean (±stand ...
Playing the electric light orchestra—how electrical stimulation of
... Figure 1. Overview of sites where causal stimulation experiments have been performed in the visual cortex (and selected connected areas) of humans and monkeys (see also tables 1 and 2). Sites are shown on schematic human and macaque brains, and indicate the visual cortical areas involved (not exact ...
... Figure 1. Overview of sites where causal stimulation experiments have been performed in the visual cortex (and selected connected areas) of humans and monkeys (see also tables 1 and 2). Sites are shown on schematic human and macaque brains, and indicate the visual cortical areas involved (not exact ...
The Complicated Equation of Smell, Flavor, and Taste
... cortex via the trigeminal nerves. The cornerstones of molecular (also called modernistic) cuisine—foams, spheres, and powders—rely on producing a flavor with a totally different mouth sense to surprise us. Next, we must add vision to the equation. Vividly colored food tastes and smells more intense ...
... cortex via the trigeminal nerves. The cornerstones of molecular (also called modernistic) cuisine—foams, spheres, and powders—rely on producing a flavor with a totally different mouth sense to surprise us. Next, we must add vision to the equation. Vividly colored food tastes and smells more intense ...
Identification of neural circuits involved in female genital responses
... Together, these studies have identified at least three supraspinal regions essential to various aspects of female reproductive behavior, including the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN), the medial preoptic area (MPO), and the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). The VMN is considered an ...
... Together, these studies have identified at least three supraspinal regions essential to various aspects of female reproductive behavior, including the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN), the medial preoptic area (MPO), and the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). The VMN is considered an ...
AN INTEGRATIVE THEORY OF LOCUS
... accord well with the characteristic anatomy of these systems (widely distributed projections throughout the forebrain), and it is easy to understand how disturbances in such basic and pervasive functions would have profound disruptive effects on cognition, emotion, and behavior such as those associa ...
... accord well with the characteristic anatomy of these systems (widely distributed projections throughout the forebrain), and it is easy to understand how disturbances in such basic and pervasive functions would have profound disruptive effects on cognition, emotion, and behavior such as those associa ...
The Complicated Equation of Smell, Flavor, and Taste
... recruitment of brain regions needed to analyze what is in one’s mouth, resulting in a totally new experience. Chefs can only go so far because most tastes and smells have strong emotional (hedonic) components that may render some combinations repellent. Last year, my wife and I decided to eat at Cor ...
... recruitment of brain regions needed to analyze what is in one’s mouth, resulting in a totally new experience. Chefs can only go so far because most tastes and smells have strong emotional (hedonic) components that may render some combinations repellent. Last year, my wife and I decided to eat at Cor ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... that was rescued by expression of exogenous Kiaa0319 (Paracchini et al. 2006). Control transfection animals received a scrambled sequence control of Kiaa0319 shRNA, also previously used, that contained 6 bases in the sequence scrambled to render the shRNA inactive in terms of reducing Kiaa0319 expre ...
... that was rescued by expression of exogenous Kiaa0319 (Paracchini et al. 2006). Control transfection animals received a scrambled sequence control of Kiaa0319 shRNA, also previously used, that contained 6 bases in the sequence scrambled to render the shRNA inactive in terms of reducing Kiaa0319 expre ...
DECODING NEURONAL FIRING AND MODELING NEURAL
... be used to compute the changes in synaptic strengths that arise from specific training experiences. The effect of these changes can be studied by looking at the resulting modifications in network activity and decoding them. This allows us to examine the impact of training experience and learning on ...
... be used to compute the changes in synaptic strengths that arise from specific training experiences. The effect of these changes can be studied by looking at the resulting modifications in network activity and decoding them. This allows us to examine the impact of training experience and learning on ...
Large-scale spatiotemporal spike patterning consistent with
... Aggregate signals in cortex are known to be spatiotemporally organized as propagating waves across the cortical surface, but it remains unclear whether the same is true for spiking activity in individual neurons. Furthermore, the functional interactions between cortical neurons are well documented b ...
... Aggregate signals in cortex are known to be spatiotemporally organized as propagating waves across the cortical surface, but it remains unclear whether the same is true for spiking activity in individual neurons. Furthermore, the functional interactions between cortical neurons are well documented b ...
The Role of Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex in Decision Making
... 2005; Volz et al. 2006), reinforcement learning, or choice tasks (reviewed in O’Doherty 2004; Montague et al. 2006). However, both single-unit and fMRI studies have found that many other areas of the brain, including midbrain nuclei, striatum, parietal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex also ...
... 2005; Volz et al. 2006), reinforcement learning, or choice tasks (reviewed in O’Doherty 2004; Montague et al. 2006). However, both single-unit and fMRI studies have found that many other areas of the brain, including midbrain nuclei, striatum, parietal cortex, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex also ...
Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the
... The relationship between sensory inputs to cortex and the functional capacity of a sensory projection has commonly been examined using deprivation protocols. In the visual pathway, for example, the development of visual function is correlated with the maturation of inputs to visual cortex9,10; visua ...
... The relationship between sensory inputs to cortex and the functional capacity of a sensory projection has commonly been examined using deprivation protocols. In the visual pathway, for example, the development of visual function is correlated with the maturation of inputs to visual cortex9,10; visua ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.