Visual behaviour mediated by retinal projections directed to the
... The relationship between sensory inputs to cortex and the functional capacity of a sensory projection has commonly been examined using deprivation protocols. In the visual pathway, for example, the development of visual function is correlated with the maturation of inputs to visual cortex9,10; visua ...
... The relationship between sensory inputs to cortex and the functional capacity of a sensory projection has commonly been examined using deprivation protocols. In the visual pathway, for example, the development of visual function is correlated with the maturation of inputs to visual cortex9,10; visua ...
INTRINSIC CONNECTIONS AND CYTOARCHITECTONIC DATA OF
... The differences in the pattern of connections between dorsal and ventral subregions in the monkey and cat are to some extent confirmed by results of the cytoarchitectonic observations of the prefrontal and premotor cortices. It was shown that in the two species the areas situated dorsally or ventra ...
... The differences in the pattern of connections between dorsal and ventral subregions in the monkey and cat are to some extent confirmed by results of the cytoarchitectonic observations of the prefrontal and premotor cortices. It was shown that in the two species the areas situated dorsally or ventra ...
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... was performed to ensure ease of breathing throughout the experiment. Primary auditory cortex and several nearby auditory fields were exposed via craniotomy and durotomy. Four parylene-coated tungsten microelectrodes (1–2 MΩ) were simultaneously lowered to layer IV of right primary auditory cortex (∼6 ...
... was performed to ensure ease of breathing throughout the experiment. Primary auditory cortex and several nearby auditory fields were exposed via craniotomy and durotomy. Four parylene-coated tungsten microelectrodes (1–2 MΩ) were simultaneously lowered to layer IV of right primary auditory cortex (∼6 ...
Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance
... accord well with the characteristic anatomy of these systems (widely distributed projections throughout the forebrain), and it is easy to understand how disturbances in such basic and pervasive functions would have profound disruptive effects on cognition, emotion, and behavior such as those associa ...
... accord well with the characteristic anatomy of these systems (widely distributed projections throughout the forebrain), and it is easy to understand how disturbances in such basic and pervasive functions would have profound disruptive effects on cognition, emotion, and behavior such as those associa ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... that was rescued by expression of exogenous Kiaa0319 (Paracchini et al. 2006). Control transfection animals received a scrambled sequence control of Kiaa0319 shRNA, also previously used, that contained 6 bases in the sequence scrambled to render the shRNA inactive in terms of reducing Kiaa0319 expre ...
... that was rescued by expression of exogenous Kiaa0319 (Paracchini et al. 2006). Control transfection animals received a scrambled sequence control of Kiaa0319 shRNA, also previously used, that contained 6 bases in the sequence scrambled to render the shRNA inactive in terms of reducing Kiaa0319 expre ...
Activity in the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Reflects Multiple Steps of
... a result of the actions? To answer this question, we examined neuronal activity in the dorsolateral PFC of monkeys that performed a path-planning task that required multiple stepwise movements of a cursor within a maze to reach a goal. Figures 1A and 1C show the sequence and timing of events for eac ...
... a result of the actions? To answer this question, we examined neuronal activity in the dorsolateral PFC of monkeys that performed a path-planning task that required multiple stepwise movements of a cursor within a maze to reach a goal. Figures 1A and 1C show the sequence and timing of events for eac ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
Viral vector-based tools advance knowledge of basal ganglia
... motivational, and cognitive functions, and it also has a role in drug addiction and psychiatric disorders (Bourdy and Barrot 2012; Wang and Tsien 2011). Initially, knowledge about the functions of BG nuclei was based on observations and symptoms associated with neurodegenerative disorders (Wilson 19 ...
... motivational, and cognitive functions, and it also has a role in drug addiction and psychiatric disorders (Bourdy and Barrot 2012; Wang and Tsien 2011). Initially, knowledge about the functions of BG nuclei was based on observations and symptoms associated with neurodegenerative disorders (Wilson 19 ...
Neural representation of object orientation: A dissociation between
... 2013; Ward et al., 2013), raising pressing questions about what conclusions should be drawn in cases where the two methods diverge. In the General discussion we propose that RS and MVP-similarity are sensitive to different aspects of neural response, arguing that this hypothesis can explain our resu ...
... 2013; Ward et al., 2013), raising pressing questions about what conclusions should be drawn in cases where the two methods diverge. In the General discussion we propose that RS and MVP-similarity are sensitive to different aspects of neural response, arguing that this hypothesis can explain our resu ...
Representation of the Visual Field in the Human Occipital Cortex
... Field Analyzer (Allergan-Humphrey Instruments, San Leandro, Calif). Patients with incomplete homonymous hemianopia were included in the study. The central 30-2 program only tests the retinal threshold at 76 predetermined points within the central 30° of vision, with 19 points tested in each quadrant ...
... Field Analyzer (Allergan-Humphrey Instruments, San Leandro, Calif). Patients with incomplete homonymous hemianopia were included in the study. The central 30-2 program only tests the retinal threshold at 76 predetermined points within the central 30° of vision, with 19 points tested in each quadrant ...
Robo1 Regulates the Migration and Laminar Distribution of Upper
... The mammalian cerebral cortex consists of 6 distinct layers that are largely represented by its excitatory neurons with characteristic axon projection patterns and gene expressions. Early in corticogenesis, neurons arise from the ventricular (VZ) and subventricular (SVZ) zones and move radially towa ...
... The mammalian cerebral cortex consists of 6 distinct layers that are largely represented by its excitatory neurons with characteristic axon projection patterns and gene expressions. Early in corticogenesis, neurons arise from the ventricular (VZ) and subventricular (SVZ) zones and move radially towa ...
exuberance in the development of cortical
... not always clear-cut. In particular, evidence of exuberant synaptogenesis is based on counts performed in electron-microscopic preparations that do not allow the origin of the supernumerary synapses to be determined. Interestingly, for some projections both types of exuberance appear at different ti ...
... not always clear-cut. In particular, evidence of exuberant synaptogenesis is based on counts performed in electron-microscopic preparations that do not allow the origin of the supernumerary synapses to be determined. Interestingly, for some projections both types of exuberance appear at different ti ...
Executive Control Over Cognition: Stronger and Earlier Rule
... made). A sample stimulus was presented at one of 8 or 12 randomly selected locations for 400 ms, followed by a 900 ms delay period (delay 1). The LR rule was instructed by the presentation of the boundary cue in a vertical orientation for 400 ms, followed by a 900 ms delay period (delay 2). The monk ...
... made). A sample stimulus was presented at one of 8 or 12 randomly selected locations for 400 ms, followed by a 900 ms delay period (delay 1). The LR rule was instructed by the presentation of the boundary cue in a vertical orientation for 400 ms, followed by a 900 ms delay period (delay 2). The monk ...
Motor areas of the frontal lobe by Jarrod Blinch
... As a motor control researcher in cognitive psychology, I use a behavioural approach to study how humans produce movements. Specifically, I record the intricacies of human movements and I use this information to infer how the brain is organised. This is high-level research into human movement; low-le ...
... As a motor control researcher in cognitive psychology, I use a behavioural approach to study how humans produce movements. Specifically, I record the intricacies of human movements and I use this information to infer how the brain is organised. This is high-level research into human movement; low-le ...
Location and connectivity determine GABAergic interneuron survival in the brains... South Hampshire sheep with CLN6 neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
... 19 months. The extent of loss varied markedly between regions, as to a lesser extent did the loss of somatostatin positive neurons. Conversely calretinin, calbindin and neuropeptide Y positive neuron populations remained well preserved, or in the case of calretinin, increased until mature disease. T ...
... 19 months. The extent of loss varied markedly between regions, as to a lesser extent did the loss of somatostatin positive neurons. Conversely calretinin, calbindin and neuropeptide Y positive neuron populations remained well preserved, or in the case of calretinin, increased until mature disease. T ...
Interplay of environmental signals and progenitor diversity on fate
... impart a strong inhibitory control over their post-synaptic targets (Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997; Gupta et al., 2000; Massi et al., 2012). PV-expressing inhibitory neurons represent an important population of cells involved in the modulation of critical period of auditory plasticity and implicated in ...
... impart a strong inhibitory control over their post-synaptic targets (Kawaguchi and Kubota, 1997; Gupta et al., 2000; Massi et al., 2012). PV-expressing inhibitory neurons represent an important population of cells involved in the modulation of critical period of auditory plasticity and implicated in ...
Stereologic analysis of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the
... Moreover, all of the thalamic nuclei that have been implicated in schizophrenia are reciprocally connected with higher association cortices; therefore, it is not clear whether thalamic neuronal deficits in schizophrenia extend to sensory thalamic nuclei, such as the LGN. The present study was undert ...
... Moreover, all of the thalamic nuclei that have been implicated in schizophrenia are reciprocally connected with higher association cortices; therefore, it is not clear whether thalamic neuronal deficits in schizophrenia extend to sensory thalamic nuclei, such as the LGN. The present study was undert ...
the biological perspective
... Two special types of glial cells, called oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, generate a layer of fatty substances called myelin. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin for the neurons in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system); Schwann cells produce myelin for the neurons of the body (the pe ...
... Two special types of glial cells, called oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, generate a layer of fatty substances called myelin. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin for the neurons in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system); Schwann cells produce myelin for the neurons of the body (the pe ...
Cell type-specific pharmacology of NMDA receptors using masked
... regulation of synaptic functions in the central nervous system, such as synaptic plasticity (Malenka and Nicoll, 1993; Collingridge et al., 2004). NMDA-R dependent synaptic plasticity plays an important role in learning. This includes learning that can also have maladaptive consequences, for example ...
... regulation of synaptic functions in the central nervous system, such as synaptic plasticity (Malenka and Nicoll, 1993; Collingridge et al., 2004). NMDA-R dependent synaptic plasticity plays an important role in learning. This includes learning that can also have maladaptive consequences, for example ...
Neuronal Correlates of Sensorimotor Association in Stimulus
... incompatible with the response. By recording the lateralized readiness potential (i.e., a change in the evoked brain potential that develops over the motor cortex contralateral to the overt response), it was found that in trials in which the stimulus was flanked by incompatible noise, both responses ...
... incompatible with the response. By recording the lateralized readiness potential (i.e., a change in the evoked brain potential that develops over the motor cortex contralateral to the overt response), it was found that in trials in which the stimulus was flanked by incompatible noise, both responses ...
CEREBRAL CORTEX - Global Anatomy Home Page
... So far we have discussed areas of the brain, which had either a specific motor or sensory function. Areas without predominantly sensory or motor functions are referred to as association cortex. Such cortex is found in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Within these association are ...
... So far we have discussed areas of the brain, which had either a specific motor or sensory function. Areas without predominantly sensory or motor functions are referred to as association cortex. Such cortex is found in the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Within these association are ...
Spotlight on Terminology and Language – ESL Pointers
... Page 77 “Although we’ll discuss specific areas of the brain in relation to specific behaviors, this approach is an oversimplification.” An oversimplification is a generalization or statement that is too simple and does not take into account more complex aspects of the issue. Page 77 “Our behavior, e ...
... Page 77 “Although we’ll discuss specific areas of the brain in relation to specific behaviors, this approach is an oversimplification.” An oversimplification is a generalization or statement that is too simple and does not take into account more complex aspects of the issue. Page 77 “Our behavior, e ...
neuronal coding of prediction errors
... have developed this neurobiological theory of learning by arguing that the synaptic connection weights between model neurons are controlled by the prediction error in the form of the Delta learning rule (Widrow & Hoff 1960), which is based on the LMS (least mean square) error procedure of process co ...
... have developed this neurobiological theory of learning by arguing that the synaptic connection weights between model neurons are controlled by the prediction error in the form of the Delta learning rule (Widrow & Hoff 1960), which is based on the LMS (least mean square) error procedure of process co ...
judasMRT99
... whereas other NADPH-d cells are located deep within the layer I and have a spray of descending beaded processes ramifying in layers II and superficial part of the layer III. In the developing neocortex of rats and mice, nitrinergic neurons are usually not observed in the marginal zone (MZ), i.e., th ...
... whereas other NADPH-d cells are located deep within the layer I and have a spray of descending beaded processes ramifying in layers II and superficial part of the layer III. In the developing neocortex of rats and mice, nitrinergic neurons are usually not observed in the marginal zone (MZ), i.e., th ...
L8-Physiology of Sleep and EEG 2013
... VLPO and MNPO; are active during NREM sleep The neurons in these nuclei contain the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and the inhibitory neuropeptide galanin, and they innervate all the arousalpromoting regions, including the LDT/PPT, LC, DR, TMN, and also the orexin neurons . Thus, the VLPO and MNPO ...
... VLPO and MNPO; are active during NREM sleep The neurons in these nuclei contain the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and the inhibitory neuropeptide galanin, and they innervate all the arousalpromoting regions, including the LDT/PPT, LC, DR, TMN, and also the orexin neurons . Thus, the VLPO and MNPO ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.