Neurons
... substances that help regulate bodily processes. Interneurons (also called associative neurons) are the most common type of neuron in the nervous system. They connect neurons to neurons. In the spinal cord, they connect sensory neurons to motor neurons. In the brain, they form complex assemblages of ...
... substances that help regulate bodily processes. Interneurons (also called associative neurons) are the most common type of neuron in the nervous system. They connect neurons to neurons. In the spinal cord, they connect sensory neurons to motor neurons. In the brain, they form complex assemblages of ...
CHAPTER 13 – Personality, attitudes, arousal and anxiety
... 9) A number of PE students are attending trials at their chosen sport. Describe the Inverted U theory and explain how it might affect a student’s performance at the trials. 5 marks Answer: • See figure Q13.3. • As arousal (or anxiety) increases, performance increases. • There is an optimum ar ...
... 9) A number of PE students are attending trials at their chosen sport. Describe the Inverted U theory and explain how it might affect a student’s performance at the trials. 5 marks Answer: • See figure Q13.3. • As arousal (or anxiety) increases, performance increases. • There is an optimum ar ...
View PDF - CiteSeerX
... honeybees: Mobbs 1982; Bicker et al. 1985). In the honeybee MB approximately 50 feedback neurons connect the dorsal and median a-lobe, the b-lobe, and the pedunculus with all ipsilateral calycal subcompartments, lip, collar, and basal ring (GruÈnewald 1999). Initial physiological studies have shown ...
... honeybees: Mobbs 1982; Bicker et al. 1985). In the honeybee MB approximately 50 feedback neurons connect the dorsal and median a-lobe, the b-lobe, and the pedunculus with all ipsilateral calycal subcompartments, lip, collar, and basal ring (GruÈnewald 1999). Initial physiological studies have shown ...
the mirror-neuron system - Psychology and Neuroscience
... system underlies action understanding is to destroy it and examine the lesion effect on the monkey’s capacity to recognize actions made by other monkeys. In practice, this is not so. First, the mirror-neuron system is bilateral and includes, as shown above, large portions of the parietal and premoto ...
... system underlies action understanding is to destroy it and examine the lesion effect on the monkey’s capacity to recognize actions made by other monkeys. In practice, this is not so. First, the mirror-neuron system is bilateral and includes, as shown above, large portions of the parietal and premoto ...
the mirror-neuron system - UCSF Center for Integrative Neuroscience
... system underlies action understanding is to destroy it and examine the lesion effect on the monkey’s capacity to recognize actions made by other monkeys. In practice, this is not so. First, the mirror-neuron system is bilateral and includes, as shown above, large portions of the parietal and premoto ...
... system underlies action understanding is to destroy it and examine the lesion effect on the monkey’s capacity to recognize actions made by other monkeys. In practice, this is not so. First, the mirror-neuron system is bilateral and includes, as shown above, large portions of the parietal and premoto ...
Historical analysis of the neural control of movement from the
... attention to help understand the neural programming involved. Whole animal studies then inevitably lapsed, as there must have seemed little that could usefully be done. Acute experimentation reigned throughout the 19th and much of the 20th century as stimulation, ablation, and, subsequently, electri ...
... attention to help understand the neural programming involved. Whole animal studies then inevitably lapsed, as there must have seemed little that could usefully be done. Acute experimentation reigned throughout the 19th and much of the 20th century as stimulation, ablation, and, subsequently, electri ...
Trigeminal pathways handout
... 3. Diagram the corneal reflex: the afferent and efferent limbs as well as nuclei involved in the brainstem. 4. If a person does not blink, how would you determine if the problem were in the sensory (afferent) limb, motor (efferent) limb, or brainstem interconnections for the corneal reflex? 5. Expla ...
... 3. Diagram the corneal reflex: the afferent and efferent limbs as well as nuclei involved in the brainstem. 4. If a person does not blink, how would you determine if the problem were in the sensory (afferent) limb, motor (efferent) limb, or brainstem interconnections for the corneal reflex? 5. Expla ...
Structural brain MRI studies in eye diseases: are they clinically
... grey matter density in the occipital cortex. In AMD patients, the main reduction was found near the occipital pole (primarily in the left hemisphere), particularly around the posterior part of the calcarine sulcus. Hernowo et al. (2014) confirmed such grey matter changes in the visual cortex and addi ...
... grey matter density in the occipital cortex. In AMD patients, the main reduction was found near the occipital pole (primarily in the left hemisphere), particularly around the posterior part of the calcarine sulcus. Hernowo et al. (2014) confirmed such grey matter changes in the visual cortex and addi ...
Signature - UNE Faculty/Staff Index Page
... posterior lobe – makes the bulk of the cerebellum – inferior to primary fissure Receives efferent motor information from the cerebral cortex / pons flocculonodular lobe - lateral to cerebellar attachment (cerebellar peduncle) to brainstem Receives afferent vestibular information from CN VIII nuclei ...
... posterior lobe – makes the bulk of the cerebellum – inferior to primary fissure Receives efferent motor information from the cerebral cortex / pons flocculonodular lobe - lateral to cerebellar attachment (cerebellar peduncle) to brainstem Receives afferent vestibular information from CN VIII nuclei ...
Chapter 19: Brain Rhythms and Sleep
... enhance waking state; active at end of REM cycle – Cholinergic neurons: enhance REM events; active during waking; may initiate REM cycles – Diffuse modulatory system control rhythmic behaviors of thalamus controls cortical EEG sensory input flow to cortex blocked by slowed thalamic rhythms – Activ ...
... enhance waking state; active at end of REM cycle – Cholinergic neurons: enhance REM events; active during waking; may initiate REM cycles – Diffuse modulatory system control rhythmic behaviors of thalamus controls cortical EEG sensory input flow to cortex blocked by slowed thalamic rhythms – Activ ...
Embryological origin for autism
... and the cerebella of autistic cases. The hypothesis that autism is initiated at the time when the cranial nerve motor nuclei are forming cannot be tested from the existing anatomical literature. We prepared and examined serial sections from the brainstem of a n autistic patient for evidence of abnor ...
... and the cerebella of autistic cases. The hypothesis that autism is initiated at the time when the cranial nerve motor nuclei are forming cannot be tested from the existing anatomical literature. We prepared and examined serial sections from the brainstem of a n autistic patient for evidence of abnor ...
How the brain uses time to represent and process visual information
... is defined as the minimum total ‘cost’ to transform one spike train into the other via any sequence of insertions, deletions, and time-shifts of spikes. The cost of moving a spike by an amount of time t is set at qt, and the cost of inserting a spike or deleting it is set at unity. Thus, spike train ...
... is defined as the minimum total ‘cost’ to transform one spike train into the other via any sequence of insertions, deletions, and time-shifts of spikes. The cost of moving a spike by an amount of time t is set at qt, and the cost of inserting a spike or deleting it is set at unity. Thus, spike train ...
The functional asymmetry of auditory cortex is reflected
... The primary auditory cortex (A1) is organized tonotopically, with neurons sensitive to high and low frequencies arranged in a rostro-caudal gradient. We used laser scanning photostimulation in acute slices to study the organization of local excitatory connections onto layers 2 and 3 (L2/3) of the mo ...
... The primary auditory cortex (A1) is organized tonotopically, with neurons sensitive to high and low frequencies arranged in a rostro-caudal gradient. We used laser scanning photostimulation in acute slices to study the organization of local excitatory connections onto layers 2 and 3 (L2/3) of the mo ...
TINS04
... generalised dysfunction of magno-cells affects all sensory pathways and prolongs itself in the posterior parietal cortex and the cerebellum[1]. Quite uniquely, this theory accounts for reading disability both through auditory/phonological and visual-spatial deficits, and encompasses all the known co ...
... generalised dysfunction of magno-cells affects all sensory pathways and prolongs itself in the posterior parietal cortex and the cerebellum[1]. Quite uniquely, this theory accounts for reading disability both through auditory/phonological and visual-spatial deficits, and encompasses all the known co ...
Cortical and subcortical afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti
... Anatomical findings are presented that identify cortical and subcortical sources of afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and basal pontine nuclei. Projections from the middle temporal visual area (MT), medial superior temporal visual area (MST), lateral intraparietal area (LIP ...
... Anatomical findings are presented that identify cortical and subcortical sources of afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP) and basal pontine nuclei. Projections from the middle temporal visual area (MT), medial superior temporal visual area (MST), lateral intraparietal area (LIP ...
A simultaneous ERP/fMRI investigation of the P300 aging effect
... et al., 1995; Kiehl et al., 2001; Strobel et al., 2008). Although the results emerging from these different methodologies have been somewhat inconsistent and difficult to integrate, it has been established that P3a and P3b arise from widely distributed, partially overlapping frontotemporoparietal ne ...
... et al., 1995; Kiehl et al., 2001; Strobel et al., 2008). Although the results emerging from these different methodologies have been somewhat inconsistent and difficult to integrate, it has been established that P3a and P3b arise from widely distributed, partially overlapping frontotemporoparietal ne ...
Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex
... Shapiro, 2007, 2009). Different components of PFC function may be mediated by different PFC subregions (well reviewed in Robbins, 1996; Uylings et al., 2003; Kesner and Churchwell, 2011). Elucidating the precise cellular constituents and mechanism(s) underlying PFC function, and how it exerts top-do ...
... Shapiro, 2007, 2009). Different components of PFC function may be mediated by different PFC subregions (well reviewed in Robbins, 1996; Uylings et al., 2003; Kesner and Churchwell, 2011). Elucidating the precise cellular constituents and mechanism(s) underlying PFC function, and how it exerts top-do ...
Neural Correlates of Perceived Brightness in the Retina, Lateral
... contact lens that produced a sharp image of the retinal vasculature, which was back-projected on the tangent screen (tapetal reflection method). The positions of retinal landmarks were mapped on the tangent screen to estimate the eccentricity of receptive fields. Recordings were made in three differ ...
... contact lens that produced a sharp image of the retinal vasculature, which was back-projected on the tangent screen (tapetal reflection method). The positions of retinal landmarks were mapped on the tangent screen to estimate the eccentricity of receptive fields. Recordings were made in three differ ...
A Feedback Model of Visual Attention
... areas to higher cortical regions. In addition to this feedforward transmission of information, feedback connections convey information in the reverse direction and lateral connections integrate information across the visual field (Lamme et al., 1998; Lamme and Roelfsema, 2000). Feedforward and feedb ...
... areas to higher cortical regions. In addition to this feedforward transmission of information, feedback connections convey information in the reverse direction and lateral connections integrate information across the visual field (Lamme et al., 1998; Lamme and Roelfsema, 2000). Feedforward and feedb ...
Integrating Top-Down and Bottom
... of bottom-up processes, understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying top-down effects is still poor. Several studies addressed the physiology of top-down mechanisms in the visual system considering the effects of attention (Moran and Desimone, 1985; Posner and Petersen, 1990; Desimone and Dunca ...
... of bottom-up processes, understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying top-down effects is still poor. Several studies addressed the physiology of top-down mechanisms in the visual system considering the effects of attention (Moran and Desimone, 1985; Posner and Petersen, 1990; Desimone and Dunca ...
Thalamocortical projection from the ventral posteromedial nucleus
... were also present. They entered SI distant from target sites, extended toward the brain surface, then sharply turned toward the plexus in layers IV and VI, and converged in the plexus (indicated by arrowheads in Fig. 1B). The axons had few branches and did not project to the supragranular layers. In ...
... were also present. They entered SI distant from target sites, extended toward the brain surface, then sharply turned toward the plexus in layers IV and VI, and converged in the plexus (indicated by arrowheads in Fig. 1B). The axons had few branches and did not project to the supragranular layers. In ...
a review with emphasis on the projections of specific thalamic nuclei
... The foregoing discussion well illustrates how knowledge of the details of thalamocortical projections can contribute significantly to our understanding of the organization of the cerebral cortex. An early proponent of this philosophy was A. E. Walker, whose own extensive studies of the primate thala ...
... The foregoing discussion well illustrates how knowledge of the details of thalamocortical projections can contribute significantly to our understanding of the organization of the cerebral cortex. An early proponent of this philosophy was A. E. Walker, whose own extensive studies of the primate thala ...
Neural Interaction in Cat Primary Auditory Cortex. Dependence on
... direction, i.e., within isofrequency sheets. However, additional patches occur over 1 mm anterior or posterior of the injection site and would therefore not lie in the same isofrequency band as the injection. The labeling appeared discrete with patches separated by - 1 mm over an up to 8mm range dom ...
... direction, i.e., within isofrequency sheets. However, additional patches occur over 1 mm anterior or posterior of the injection site and would therefore not lie in the same isofrequency band as the injection. The labeling appeared discrete with patches separated by - 1 mm over an up to 8mm range dom ...
Nonlinear brain dynamics as macroscopic manifestation of
... responding to a pattern of excitation without limited specialized paths of conduction? The problem is almost universal in the activities of the nervous system" (1942, p. 306). Wolfgang Köhler wrote: “"Our present knowledge of human perception leaves no doubt as to the general form of any theory whic ...
... responding to a pattern of excitation without limited specialized paths of conduction? The problem is almost universal in the activities of the nervous system" (1942, p. 306). Wolfgang Köhler wrote: “"Our present knowledge of human perception leaves no doubt as to the general form of any theory whic ...
Gee JNeuro 2012 - Stanford University
... in the PFC. To answer this question, we recorded from visually identified neuneurons in neocortex can be divided into at least two subpopurons expressing fluorescent proteins under control of promoters lations, “thick-tufted” neurons that project to thalamus or brainfor D1Rs or D2Rs (Fig. 3A). Speci ...
... in the PFC. To answer this question, we recorded from visually identified neuneurons in neocortex can be divided into at least two subpopurons expressing fluorescent proteins under control of promoters lations, “thick-tufted” neurons that project to thalamus or brainfor D1Rs or D2Rs (Fig. 3A). Speci ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.