Optogenetic Brain Interfaces
... Therefore, microbial rhodopsins can be grouped into pumps, acting as photodiodes, and light-triggered ion channels which can be considered as light-dependent resistors. Regardless of the mechanism of action or the ion species conducted, all microbial rhodopsins rely on the same fundamental photoreac ...
... Therefore, microbial rhodopsins can be grouped into pumps, acting as photodiodes, and light-triggered ion channels which can be considered as light-dependent resistors. Regardless of the mechanism of action or the ion species conducted, all microbial rhodopsins rely on the same fundamental photoreac ...
How We Know It Hurts: Item Analysis of Written - Saxelab
... greater DMPFC response to depictions of emotional suffering [23]. These results suggest that AI and AMCC are predominantly recruited when witnessing others in physical pain, and DMPFC is more implicated in empathic responses to emotional suffering. One interpretive challenge for prior studies, howev ...
... greater DMPFC response to depictions of emotional suffering [23]. These results suggest that AI and AMCC are predominantly recruited when witnessing others in physical pain, and DMPFC is more implicated in empathic responses to emotional suffering. One interpretive challenge for prior studies, howev ...
The Adenosine Story Goes Ionic: CaV2.1
... of a functionally responsive Ca2+ channel with preserved expression levels, but compromised primarily in G-protein-mediated inhibition.22 The hypothesis to be tested by Deboer et al.7 was clear: if CaV2.1 channels mediate some of adenosinergic actions on sleep, then these animals should show attenua ...
... of a functionally responsive Ca2+ channel with preserved expression levels, but compromised primarily in G-protein-mediated inhibition.22 The hypothesis to be tested by Deboer et al.7 was clear: if CaV2.1 channels mediate some of adenosinergic actions on sleep, then these animals should show attenua ...
Distribution of GABA‐like immunoreactivity in the rat amygdaloid
... '85). Male Wistar rats (n = 9) were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and perfusion-fixation was performed by intra- have differentiated three groups of nuclei: group I (lateral cardiac injection of saline followed by 5% glutaraldehyde in olfactory tract nucleus and intercalated nuclei) with in0.1 M ...
... '85). Male Wistar rats (n = 9) were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and perfusion-fixation was performed by intra- have differentiated three groups of nuclei: group I (lateral cardiac injection of saline followed by 5% glutaraldehyde in olfactory tract nucleus and intercalated nuclei) with in0.1 M ...
Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic
... response. The E E G pattern associated with the suppression of bar-pressing behavior in hungry animals was a 12-20 cycles per second (c/s) rhythm localized to sensorimotor cortex. Because of this localization we labeled this the "Sensorimotor Rhythm," or SMR. This pattern was, indeed, very similar t ...
... response. The E E G pattern associated with the suppression of bar-pressing behavior in hungry animals was a 12-20 cycles per second (c/s) rhythm localized to sensorimotor cortex. Because of this localization we labeled this the "Sensorimotor Rhythm," or SMR. This pattern was, indeed, very similar t ...
Sonic Hedgehog Expression in Corticofugal Projection Neurons
... decreased in the Shh conditional null animals, while mEPSC frequency in layer II/III (Figures 3J and 3K) was not significantly different. We also observed a 1.6-fold increase in the input resistance of conditional mutants, but no change in mEPSC amplitude between the groups, consistent with a decrea ...
... decreased in the Shh conditional null animals, while mEPSC frequency in layer II/III (Figures 3J and 3K) was not significantly different. We also observed a 1.6-fold increase in the input resistance of conditional mutants, but no change in mEPSC amplitude between the groups, consistent with a decrea ...
Behavioral dopamine signals
... rewards and reward-predicting stimuli. A somewhat slower, distinct electrophysiological response encodes the uncertainty associated with rewards. Aversive events produce different, mostly slower, electrophysiological dopamine responses that consist predominantly of depressions. Additionally, more mo ...
... rewards and reward-predicting stimuli. A somewhat slower, distinct electrophysiological response encodes the uncertainty associated with rewards. Aversive events produce different, mostly slower, electrophysiological dopamine responses that consist predominantly of depressions. Additionally, more mo ...
Module 3 and 4 Practice Test
... 8. Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of ...
... 8. Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of ...
"Visual System Development in Vertebrates". In: Encyclopedia of
... environment guide the retinal axon along specific pathways in the brain. Gradients of signalling molecules, together with spontaneous neural activity, drive a pointto-point mapping of retinal axons in visual targets, ensuring accurate reconstruction of the visual image. The cellular, molecular and i ...
... environment guide the retinal axon along specific pathways in the brain. Gradients of signalling molecules, together with spontaneous neural activity, drive a pointto-point mapping of retinal axons in visual targets, ensuring accurate reconstruction of the visual image. The cellular, molecular and i ...
Lecture notes Neural Computation
... part (some 40%) of the human brain is devoted to visual processing, and humans have compared to other animals a very high visual resolution. 2) The medial part. The side part is involved in higher visual processing, auditory processing, and speech processing. Damage in these areas can lead to specif ...
... part (some 40%) of the human brain is devoted to visual processing, and humans have compared to other animals a very high visual resolution. 2) The medial part. The side part is involved in higher visual processing, auditory processing, and speech processing. Damage in these areas can lead to specif ...
Hello. I`m Michael Farries, a graduate student of David Perkel. I have
... the hypothesis that most of PA and LPO are homologous to mammalian dorsal striatum. First, a hypothesis inspired by Karten’s cellular homology ideas. The last common ancestor of mammals and birds might have had a distinct striatum and pallidum, but at some point in the lineage leading to birds, some ...
... the hypothesis that most of PA and LPO are homologous to mammalian dorsal striatum. First, a hypothesis inspired by Karten’s cellular homology ideas. The last common ancestor of mammals and birds might have had a distinct striatum and pallidum, but at some point in the lineage leading to birds, some ...
Limitations of Neural Map Topography for Decoding Spatial
... show in the developing zebrafish that topographic decoding performs very poorly compared with methods that do not rely on topography. This suggests that, although wiring topography could provide a starting point for decoding at a very early stage in development, it may be replaced by more accurate m ...
... show in the developing zebrafish that topographic decoding performs very poorly compared with methods that do not rely on topography. This suggests that, although wiring topography could provide a starting point for decoding at a very early stage in development, it may be replaced by more accurate m ...
1. Materials and Methods
... Whenever a neuron was isolated in area F5, general motor and visual properties were tested as described previously (Gallese et al., 1996). All neurons were additionally tested with a battery of 6 actions that produced sounds (‘noisy actions’): peanut breaking, ripping a sheet of paper, shaking a she ...
... Whenever a neuron was isolated in area F5, general motor and visual properties were tested as described previously (Gallese et al., 1996). All neurons were additionally tested with a battery of 6 actions that produced sounds (‘noisy actions’): peanut breaking, ripping a sheet of paper, shaking a she ...
Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
... estimate how far from the electrode tip current activates neural tissue mediating behaviors such as eating (Olds, 1958), self-stimulation (Wise, 1972; Fouriezos and Wise, 1984; Milner and Laferriere, 1986), and circling behavior (Yeomans et al., 1984, 1986). The method used by Fouriezos and Wise (19 ...
Plasticity of Sensory and Motor Maps in Adult Mammals
... mapsat three levels of cortical processing in the somatosensorycortex, and for changes that cannot be easily attributed to the relay of subcortical reorganizations. To date, the bulk of the evidence for plasticity in maps stems from experiments in the somatosensory system. Thus, "Are other sensory a ...
... mapsat three levels of cortical processing in the somatosensorycortex, and for changes that cannot be easily attributed to the relay of subcortical reorganizations. To date, the bulk of the evidence for plasticity in maps stems from experiments in the somatosensory system. Thus, "Are other sensory a ...
Glossary - Baars and Gage
... attention: alerting before an expected signal, orienting to a specific location in space where the target is expected, and executive attention to act against expectations set up by the task. See Chapter 8. auditory cortex (AW-di-tor-ee kor-teks; from Latin auditorius ⫽ pertaining to one who hears; L ...
... attention: alerting before an expected signal, orienting to a specific location in space where the target is expected, and executive attention to act against expectations set up by the task. See Chapter 8. auditory cortex (AW-di-tor-ee kor-teks; from Latin auditorius ⫽ pertaining to one who hears; L ...
Acetylcholine - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... vate the neocortex but project to the diencephalon (thalamus) and the basal forebrain complex. Stimulation of tegmental brainstem cholinergic neurons can evoke cortical ACh release and EEG desynchrony, and these effects are blocked by reversibly decreasing the activity of the basal forebrain (35). M ...
... vate the neocortex but project to the diencephalon (thalamus) and the basal forebrain complex. Stimulation of tegmental brainstem cholinergic neurons can evoke cortical ACh release and EEG desynchrony, and these effects are blocked by reversibly decreasing the activity of the basal forebrain (35). M ...
characterisation of dopamine neurons of the murine ventral
... neurons originating from this region project and receive input from various other brain regions and through several neurotransmitter systems. The attention was concentrated on the excitatory modulation suggested to regulate important functions of synaptic plasticity, which have been associated with ...
... neurons originating from this region project and receive input from various other brain regions and through several neurotransmitter systems. The attention was concentrated on the excitatory modulation suggested to regulate important functions of synaptic plasticity, which have been associated with ...
Chapter 3 - University of South Alabama
... unusual body odor. 6-OH-DA may be converted into a hallucinogen (2-hydroxy 4,5 dimethoxyphenethanolamine). Revision 2006 PSB ...
... unusual body odor. 6-OH-DA may be converted into a hallucinogen (2-hydroxy 4,5 dimethoxyphenethanolamine). Revision 2006 PSB ...
A Symmetric Approach Elucidates Multisensory Information Integration
... the mental and its relation to the physical. Multisensory neurons (we will also term them “heteromodal” or “multimodal”) receiving convergent inputs from multiple sensory modalities (independent sources of information called “cues”) integrate information from the five different senses [1]. When cues ...
... the mental and its relation to the physical. Multisensory neurons (we will also term them “heteromodal” or “multimodal”) receiving convergent inputs from multiple sensory modalities (independent sources of information called “cues”) integrate information from the five different senses [1]. When cues ...
(Full text - MSWord file 171K)
... layer is thought to correspond to a small population of striatal matrix neurons that is able to elicit an action. However, the mechanism ensuring the selection of only one action at a given time depends on the interaction between the direct and indirect pathways connecting the striatum to the basal ...
... layer is thought to correspond to a small population of striatal matrix neurons that is able to elicit an action. However, the mechanism ensuring the selection of only one action at a given time depends on the interaction between the direct and indirect pathways connecting the striatum to the basal ...
Hedonic Hotspots Regulate Cingulate-driven
... The integrated coding of cognitive demands and hedonic processing might operate via well-known anatomical connections that loop between these rostral cingulate regions and the basal ganglia (cf. Heimer et al. 1982; Botvinick et al. 2009; Haber and Knutson 2010). We hypothesized that the counter-regu ...
... The integrated coding of cognitive demands and hedonic processing might operate via well-known anatomical connections that loop between these rostral cingulate regions and the basal ganglia (cf. Heimer et al. 1982; Botvinick et al. 2009; Haber and Knutson 2010). We hypothesized that the counter-regu ...
Functional Connectivity of the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex of
... monkeys (Jones et al., 1975, 1978; Friedman and Murray, 1986), cats (Jones and Powell, 1968; Manzoni et al., 1979; Burton and Kopf, 1984), tree shrews (Weller et al., 1987), squirrels (Krubitzer et al., 1986), mice (Carvell and Simons, 1987), and rats (Koralek et al., 1990; Li et al., 1990; Fabri an ...
... monkeys (Jones et al., 1975, 1978; Friedman and Murray, 1986), cats (Jones and Powell, 1968; Manzoni et al., 1979; Burton and Kopf, 1984), tree shrews (Weller et al., 1987), squirrels (Krubitzer et al., 1986), mice (Carvell and Simons, 1987), and rats (Koralek et al., 1990; Li et al., 1990; Fabri an ...
Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate
... (Fremeau et al., 2004a, 2001; Hur and Zaborszky, 2005; Nahmani and Erisir, 2005). In some areas, VGluT1 and VGluT2 have been found in synapses with low and high-release probability, suggesting that the two transporters reflect distinct classes of glutamatergic projections with complementary distribut ...
... (Fremeau et al., 2004a, 2001; Hur and Zaborszky, 2005; Nahmani and Erisir, 2005). In some areas, VGluT1 and VGluT2 have been found in synapses with low and high-release probability, suggesting that the two transporters reflect distinct classes of glutamatergic projections with complementary distribut ...
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... with the basal ganglia, we proceed to consider some of the computational properties of looped architectures in the general context of selection mechanisms. Specifically, we propose that cortical and subcortical looped connections with the basal ganglia provide an elegant solution to the problem of c ...
... with the basal ganglia, we proceed to consider some of the computational properties of looped architectures in the general context of selection mechanisms. Specifically, we propose that cortical and subcortical looped connections with the basal ganglia provide an elegant solution to the problem of c ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.