MAY 5, 2000 Submitted to the Annual Review of Neuroscience AN
... patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional eval ...
... patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional eval ...
Enhanced Modulation of Neuronal Activity during
... the GPe also have direct access to all other nuclei in the basal ganglia (for reviews, Parent and Hazrati 1995b; Chan, Sumeier, Yung 2005), suggesting that the GPe plays a pivotal role in regulating the signal flow within the basal ganglia. The internal segment of the GP (GPi) has been thought to con ...
... the GPe also have direct access to all other nuclei in the basal ganglia (for reviews, Parent and Hazrati 1995b; Chan, Sumeier, Yung 2005), suggesting that the GPe plays a pivotal role in regulating the signal flow within the basal ganglia. The internal segment of the GP (GPi) has been thought to con ...
Task-dependent plasticity of spectrotemporal receptive fields in
... occurs in very diVerent tasks, and learning situations, suggests that “it is a general process of information storage and representation”. Each of these earlier studies measured changes in receptive Weld properties of A1 neurons that arose from behavior – we highlight two speciWc results from the ea ...
... occurs in very diVerent tasks, and learning situations, suggests that “it is a general process of information storage and representation”. Each of these earlier studies measured changes in receptive Weld properties of A1 neurons that arose from behavior – we highlight two speciWc results from the ea ...
Functional differences between dorsal and ventral hippocampus
... FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS REVEALED WITH AgNOR STAINING ...
... FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DORSAL AND VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS REVEALED WITH AgNOR STAINING ...
`What` Is Happening in the Dorsal Visual Pathway
... Interestingly, and counterintuitively, as revealed by fMRI in humans, representations of objects in the posterior dorsal pathway [i.e., IPS1 (intraparietal sulcus 1) and IPS2, Figure 1] appear to be relatively insensitive to various image transformations, even in a passive fixation task in which no a ...
... Interestingly, and counterintuitively, as revealed by fMRI in humans, representations of objects in the posterior dorsal pathway [i.e., IPS1 (intraparietal sulcus 1) and IPS2, Figure 1] appear to be relatively insensitive to various image transformations, even in a passive fixation task in which no a ...
Saccadic Suppression of Retinotopically Localized Blood Oxygen
... algorithm that included information about the slope of the main sequence obtained from each run. For purposes of quality control, all detected saccadic onsets from all trials were visually inspected by plotting them recursively over the trial period ranging from 100 ms before and after the detected ...
... algorithm that included information about the slope of the main sequence obtained from each run. For purposes of quality control, all detected saccadic onsets from all trials were visually inspected by plotting them recursively over the trial period ranging from 100 ms before and after the detected ...
The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... jibers. TH-immunoreactive fibers were present in every cortical region examined. In addition to this widespread distribution of TH-immunoreactive fibers, there was striking regional heterogeneity in both fiber density and laminar distribution in both monkey species. In cynomolgus monkey (Fig. I), pr ...
... jibers. TH-immunoreactive fibers were present in every cortical region examined. In addition to this widespread distribution of TH-immunoreactive fibers, there was striking regional heterogeneity in both fiber density and laminar distribution in both monkey species. In cynomolgus monkey (Fig. I), pr ...
Early Microglial Activation Precedes Neuronal Loss in Mouse Model of Progressive
... are most pronounced in the thalamocortical system, with neuron loss occurring first within the cortex and only subsequently in the corresponding thalamic relay nucleus. Microglial activation precedes the emergence of myoclonia and is followed by successive astrocytosis and selective neuron loss. Neur ...
... are most pronounced in the thalamocortical system, with neuron loss occurring first within the cortex and only subsequently in the corresponding thalamic relay nucleus. Microglial activation precedes the emergence of myoclonia and is followed by successive astrocytosis and selective neuron loss. Neur ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... of stimulus–reinforcement (e.g. stimulus–reward) association learning. An Olfactory Representation in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Takagi, Tanabe and colleagues (Takagi, 1991) described single neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been im ...
... of stimulus–reinforcement (e.g. stimulus–reward) association learning. An Olfactory Representation in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Takagi, Tanabe and colleagues (Takagi, 1991) described single neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been im ...
The occipitoparietal pathway of the macaque monkey: comparison
... 7a within the anterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus was revealed by injecting neurons with Lucifer Yellow in fixed, flattened slices of macaque monkey visual cortex. These areas correspond to different levels of the occipitoparietal cortical ‘stream’, which processes information related to m ...
... 7a within the anterior bank of the superior temporal sulcus was revealed by injecting neurons with Lucifer Yellow in fixed, flattened slices of macaque monkey visual cortex. These areas correspond to different levels of the occipitoparietal cortical ‘stream’, which processes information related to m ...
Link
... threshold. This mask retained the structural information of the T1weighted image and could be utilized for defining normalization parameters. The anatomical images were normalized to a voxel size of 1*1*1 mm. Functional EPIs were corrected for acquisition delay and co-registered to the original T1-w ...
... threshold. This mask retained the structural information of the T1weighted image and could be utilized for defining normalization parameters. The anatomical images were normalized to a voxel size of 1*1*1 mm. Functional EPIs were corrected for acquisition delay and co-registered to the original T1-w ...
MSc Thesis Template Document
... Figure 40 Synapse or Syndesis or Synapsis .................................................................................. 37 Figure 41 The Synaptic Gap at a Synapse .................................................................................... 38 Figure 42 Neurons: Synapses in the Neural Ne ...
... Figure 40 Synapse or Syndesis or Synapsis .................................................................................. 37 Figure 41 The Synaptic Gap at a Synapse .................................................................................... 38 Figure 42 Neurons: Synapses in the Neural Ne ...
On the Role of the Pontine Brainstem in Vocal Pattern Generation: A
... To test for significant differences in neuronal firing between four brain areas, six variables were tested: activity type, timing of activity, excitation/inhibition, call-pattern correlation, call specificity, and pre-vocal onset time. Statistical analyses were performed for the syllable pre-onset t ...
... To test for significant differences in neuronal firing between four brain areas, six variables were tested: activity type, timing of activity, excitation/inhibition, call-pattern correlation, call specificity, and pre-vocal onset time. Statistical analyses were performed for the syllable pre-onset t ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... monkeys, first mapped on the basis of cellular features, and the distribution of myelin (Brodmann, 1905; Vogt and Vogt, 1919; Walker, 1940; Von Bonin and Bailey, 1947; Sanides, 1970; Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Preuss and Goldman-Rakic, 1991; Morecraft et al., 1992) have been subdivided further with th ...
... monkeys, first mapped on the basis of cellular features, and the distribution of myelin (Brodmann, 1905; Vogt and Vogt, 1919; Walker, 1940; Von Bonin and Bailey, 1947; Sanides, 1970; Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Preuss and Goldman-Rakic, 1991; Morecraft et al., 1992) have been subdivided further with th ...
Motor systems Basal ganglia
... the adjacent figure. The caudate and putamen have similar functions, and we will consider them as one in this discussion. Together the caudate and putamen are called the neostriatum or simply striatum. All input to the basal ganglia circuit comes via the striatum. This input comes mainly from motor ...
... the adjacent figure. The caudate and putamen have similar functions, and we will consider them as one in this discussion. Together the caudate and putamen are called the neostriatum or simply striatum. All input to the basal ganglia circuit comes via the striatum. This input comes mainly from motor ...
American Association of Sleep Technologists Scope of Practice of
... motor activity, potentially violent and injurious behaviors such as sleepwalking and REM sleep behavior disorder, and other potential medical emergencies - Performing or assisting with basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation if required, and ensuring the simultaneous alerting of on-call responders (e.g. ...
... motor activity, potentially violent and injurious behaviors such as sleepwalking and REM sleep behavior disorder, and other potential medical emergencies - Performing or assisting with basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation if required, and ensuring the simultaneous alerting of on-call responders (e.g. ...
Functional Properties of Parietal Visual Neurons: Mechanisms of
... PVNs are extremely sensitive to stimulus motion, they are relatively insensitive to stimulus speed, even for stimuli moving in the optimal direction. The directional mechanisms of PVNs were studied by comparing the responses evoked by stimuli moving in opposite directions along a meridian of 100” ex ...
... PVNs are extremely sensitive to stimulus motion, they are relatively insensitive to stimulus speed, even for stimuli moving in the optimal direction. The directional mechanisms of PVNs were studied by comparing the responses evoked by stimuli moving in opposite directions along a meridian of 100” ex ...
A Model of Surround Suppression Through Cortical Feedback
... opposed to suppression (Polat et al., 1998). The data suggests that this happens much more when the stimuli are low contrast as opposed to high contrast. An experiment by Polat et al. (1998) used localize Gabor patches in the surround of the same contrast as a center Gabor patch. They were able to s ...
... opposed to suppression (Polat et al., 1998). The data suggests that this happens much more when the stimuli are low contrast as opposed to high contrast. An experiment by Polat et al. (1998) used localize Gabor patches in the surround of the same contrast as a center Gabor patch. They were able to s ...
Lemniscal recurrent and transcortical influences on
... activity. Medial lemniscus stimulation induced recurrent excitation and inhibition on cuneolemniscal and nonlemniscal cells. Some non-lemniscal neurons were activated by somatosensory cortex and inhibited by motor cortex stimulation. Some other non-lemniscal cells that did not respond to medial lemn ...
... activity. Medial lemniscus stimulation induced recurrent excitation and inhibition on cuneolemniscal and nonlemniscal cells. Some non-lemniscal neurons were activated by somatosensory cortex and inhibited by motor cortex stimulation. Some other non-lemniscal cells that did not respond to medial lemn ...
Commentaries on Viewpoint: A role for the prefrontal cortex in
... interoceptive regions of the PFC areas (2, 4, 5). The PFC is suggested to integrate afferents from periphery into messages with emotional relevance when processing homeostatic adjustments to guide the decision making (4), so that the increased peripheral afferents during a controlled-pace exercise m ...
... interoceptive regions of the PFC areas (2, 4, 5). The PFC is suggested to integrate afferents from periphery into messages with emotional relevance when processing homeostatic adjustments to guide the decision making (4), so that the increased peripheral afferents during a controlled-pace exercise m ...
Context Dependency in the Globus Pallidus Internal Segment
... rewarded movements, a consistent feature of the neurons shown is that none responded in association with the unrewarded return movements. ...
... rewarded movements, a consistent feature of the neurons shown is that none responded in association with the unrewarded return movements. ...
directional asymmetries of optokinetic nystagmus: developmental
... canals during head movements of high frequency and velocity and from the visual system during head movements of low frequency and velocity. The resulting eye movements are called the vestibulo-ocular reflex when only vestibular inputs are involved and are called optokinetic eye movements when only v ...
... canals during head movements of high frequency and velocity and from the visual system during head movements of low frequency and velocity. The resulting eye movements are called the vestibulo-ocular reflex when only vestibular inputs are involved and are called optokinetic eye movements when only v ...
Region Specific Micromodularity in the Uppermost Layers in Primate
... across areas. In some areas (motor and limbic), the modularity can be visualized by both zinc and PV. In other areas (i.e. primary sensory, sensory associational and prefrontal areas 46 and 8), although PV immunohistochemisty shows a periodic distribution, there is no detectable Zn+ modularity. Thes ...
... across areas. In some areas (motor and limbic), the modularity can be visualized by both zinc and PV. In other areas (i.e. primary sensory, sensory associational and prefrontal areas 46 and 8), although PV immunohistochemisty shows a periodic distribution, there is no detectable Zn+ modularity. Thes ...
Histamine reduces firing and bursting of anterior and intralaminar
... recovery). Neurons that changed their discharge rate by more than 25% (or at least by 0.5 impulses per s when firing at a rate below 1 spike per s) during at least one response period were regarded as being responsive to the applied drug. The prevailing direction of changes in all neurons of one pop ...
... recovery). Neurons that changed their discharge rate by more than 25% (or at least by 0.5 impulses per s when firing at a rate below 1 spike per s) during at least one response period were regarded as being responsive to the applied drug. The prevailing direction of changes in all neurons of one pop ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.