Connection Patterns Distinguish 3 Regions of Human Parietal Cortex
... fiber tracts. Using a simple termination zone, such as the one used here, is desirable because of its simplicity, but it might not be appropriate if the superior collicular connections with frontal areas were to be examined. As can be seen in Results, this precaution did not impede the detection of t ...
... fiber tracts. Using a simple termination zone, such as the one used here, is desirable because of its simplicity, but it might not be appropriate if the superior collicular connections with frontal areas were to be examined. As can be seen in Results, this precaution did not impede the detection of t ...
Aggregate Input-Output Models of Neuronal Populations
... order statistics such as cross-correlation and coherence measures are often used to gauge the relationship between the spiking activity of pairs of neurons [4], [5]. However, these are limited measures that provide snapshots of interactions between individual neurons from different regions. They she ...
... order statistics such as cross-correlation and coherence measures are often used to gauge the relationship between the spiking activity of pairs of neurons [4], [5]. However, these are limited measures that provide snapshots of interactions between individual neurons from different regions. They she ...
The Circuitry of V1 and V2 - UCSD Cognitive Science
... hard to define. The cortex is a fairly uniform tissue adapted, like the skin, for many uses but for no one specific purpose. Neurons in V1 and V2 are not feature detectors, although they can detect features. We shy away from functional assignations and simply describe receptive field properties, recogn ...
... hard to define. The cortex is a fairly uniform tissue adapted, like the skin, for many uses but for no one specific purpose. Neurons in V1 and V2 are not feature detectors, although they can detect features. We shy away from functional assignations and simply describe receptive field properties, recogn ...
In VivoCalcium Imaging Reveals Functional Rewiring of Single
... Functional mapping and microstimulation studies suggest that recovery after stroke damage can be attributed to surviving brain regions taking on the functional roles of lost tissues. Although this model is well supported by data, it is not clear how activity in single neurons is altered in relation ...
... Functional mapping and microstimulation studies suggest that recovery after stroke damage can be attributed to surviving brain regions taking on the functional roles of lost tissues. Although this model is well supported by data, it is not clear how activity in single neurons is altered in relation ...
Synapse
... consumption of cocaine and ethanol. The effects of cocaethylene on locomotor activity, stereotypy, and rearing in Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats were compared. A single cocaine injection (molar equivalent of 60 µmol/kg cocaethylene, intraperitoneal) elicited a robust series of motor output behav ...
... consumption of cocaine and ethanol. The effects of cocaethylene on locomotor activity, stereotypy, and rearing in Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats were compared. A single cocaine injection (molar equivalent of 60 µmol/kg cocaethylene, intraperitoneal) elicited a robust series of motor output behav ...
Rhythmicity, randomness and synchrony in climbing fiber signals
... The role of the climbing fiber input to the cerebellum has been enigmatic, with recent studies focusing on its temporal and spatial firing patterns. Debate remains as to whether climbing fibers provide a periodic clock for coordinating movements or lead to long-term modification of Purkinje cell act ...
... The role of the climbing fiber input to the cerebellum has been enigmatic, with recent studies focusing on its temporal and spatial firing patterns. Debate remains as to whether climbing fibers provide a periodic clock for coordinating movements or lead to long-term modification of Purkinje cell act ...
Optogenetic drive of neocortical pyramidal neurons generates fMRI
... Brain Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 May 20. ...
... Brain Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 May 20. ...
Wired for reproduction: Organization and Development of Sexually
... display appropriate solicitation behaviors and successfully copulate with conspecific males but have not ovulated. Males have similar requirements for physiological coordination; an individual that has mature sperm and is ready to impregnate a female will not get the chance if he displays agonistic ...
... display appropriate solicitation behaviors and successfully copulate with conspecific males but have not ovulated. Males have similar requirements for physiological coordination; an individual that has mature sperm and is ready to impregnate a female will not get the chance if he displays agonistic ...
Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and
... restitution of the fast field potentials occurs that is also demonstrable with the conventional EEG. A comparison of the DC shifts and the alterations of the membrane potentials shows a parallelism of both events (Caspers and Speckmann, 1974; Caspers et al., 1979, 1980, 1984; Speckmann and Caspers, ...
... restitution of the fast field potentials occurs that is also demonstrable with the conventional EEG. A comparison of the DC shifts and the alterations of the membrane potentials shows a parallelism of both events (Caspers and Speckmann, 1974; Caspers et al., 1979, 1980, 1984; Speckmann and Caspers, ...
Neuroscience and advertising: Redefining the role of the unconscious
... Occasionally, the line between tradition and modernity is not as well-defined as it might appear. Cognitive neuroscience represents a revolution in our way of understanding human behaviour but has, at the same time, points of connection with the past which can be surprising. Eric Kandel, neuroscient ...
... Occasionally, the line between tradition and modernity is not as well-defined as it might appear. Cognitive neuroscience represents a revolution in our way of understanding human behaviour but has, at the same time, points of connection with the past which can be surprising. Eric Kandel, neuroscient ...
Operant vs. Respondent Conditioning
... approaching aversive and fear-evoking stimuli • Also involves respondent extinction (repeated presentations of the CS without the UCS) ...
... approaching aversive and fear-evoking stimuli • Also involves respondent extinction (repeated presentations of the CS without the UCS) ...
Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10
... wide, its cells have a homogeneous distribution, and a slight size gradient is evident as one approaches layer IV. The pyramids are darkly stained. Layer IV is clearly evident, but thin, and includes small cells with medium staining. Its borders with layers III and V are easily seen. Layer Va includ ...
... wide, its cells have a homogeneous distribution, and a slight size gradient is evident as one approaches layer IV. The pyramids are darkly stained. Layer IV is clearly evident, but thin, and includes small cells with medium staining. Its borders with layers III and V are easily seen. Layer Va includ ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
Separating value from choice: delay discounting activity in the lateral
... The mathematical formulations used to study the neurophysiological signals governing choice behavior fall under one of two major theoretical frameworks: “choice probability” or “subjective value.” These two formulations represent behavioral quantities closely tied to the decision process, but it is ...
... The mathematical formulations used to study the neurophysiological signals governing choice behavior fall under one of two major theoretical frameworks: “choice probability” or “subjective value.” These two formulations represent behavioral quantities closely tied to the decision process, but it is ...
Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex
... to include a combination of morphology, electrophysiological properties and patterns of gene expression1,10. Nevertheless, the most basic schema is based on hodology, which has proved useful during the initial investigation of neuronal subtype development (BOX 2). How are these various projection ne ...
... to include a combination of morphology, electrophysiological properties and patterns of gene expression1,10. Nevertheless, the most basic schema is based on hodology, which has proved useful during the initial investigation of neuronal subtype development (BOX 2). How are these various projection ne ...
Dissociable Functions in the Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex
... until they disappeared. This was the signal for subjects to press any one of the six response buttons. They were told that on each trial, three of the buttons were ‘correct’ and that the correct buttons were assigned randomly on a trial-by-trial basis, such that each trial constituted a 50:50 guess. ...
... until they disappeared. This was the signal for subjects to press any one of the six response buttons. They were told that on each trial, three of the buttons were ‘correct’ and that the correct buttons were assigned randomly on a trial-by-trial basis, such that each trial constituted a 50:50 guess. ...
PDF
... Zhao Z, Liu Y, Ma L, Sato Y and Qin L (2015) Behavioral detection of intra-cortical microstimulation in the primary and secondary auditory cortex of cats. ...
... Zhao Z, Liu Y, Ma L, Sato Y and Qin L (2015) Behavioral detection of intra-cortical microstimulation in the primary and secondary auditory cortex of cats. ...
Non Invasive Brain-Machine Interfaces
... resonance imaging (fMRI), and optical imaging. Unfortunately, such alternative techniques require sophisticated devices that can be operated only in special facilities. Moreover, techniques for measuring blood flow have long latencies and thus are less appropriate for interaction. In invasive BCI sy ...
... resonance imaging (fMRI), and optical imaging. Unfortunately, such alternative techniques require sophisticated devices that can be operated only in special facilities. Moreover, techniques for measuring blood flow have long latencies and thus are less appropriate for interaction. In invasive BCI sy ...
Neurons
... 38.4 How Are Nervous Systems Organized? Most behaviors are controlled by pathways composed of four elements: – Sensory neurons respond to a stimulus, either internal or external to the body – Interneurons receive signals from sensory neurons, hormones, or neurons that store memories; based on thi ...
... 38.4 How Are Nervous Systems Organized? Most behaviors are controlled by pathways composed of four elements: – Sensory neurons respond to a stimulus, either internal or external to the body – Interneurons receive signals from sensory neurons, hormones, or neurons that store memories; based on thi ...
Eye Movements - Center for Neural Science
... to the visual structures and environmental needs of each species. In this chapter we will examine the neural and behavioral systems vertebrates use to achieve effective retinal stabilization. These systems employ two principal classes of mechanisms, one for gaze stabilization and one for gaze shifti ...
... to the visual structures and environmental needs of each species. In this chapter we will examine the neural and behavioral systems vertebrates use to achieve effective retinal stabilization. These systems employ two principal classes of mechanisms, one for gaze stabilization and one for gaze shifti ...
Thalamocortidal Axons Extend Along a Chondroitin Sulfate
... the marginal zone above and the subplate below by the insertion of cortical plate neurons that will form layers II-VI of the mature cortex (Marin-Padilla, 197 1; Raedler and Raedler, 1978; Luskin and Shatz, 1985; Bayer and Altman, 1991; Wood et al., 1992). The embryonic ages provided for these stage ...
... the marginal zone above and the subplate below by the insertion of cortical plate neurons that will form layers II-VI of the mature cortex (Marin-Padilla, 197 1; Raedler and Raedler, 1978; Luskin and Shatz, 1985; Bayer and Altman, 1991; Wood et al., 1992). The embryonic ages provided for these stage ...
Seizure, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression are closely
... significantly increased glutamate, aspartate, GABA, serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine levels in the extracellular dialysates. The number of c-fos-stained cell nuclei in the striatum displayed a prolonged increase, showing significantly elevated numbers throughout the experiment. The increase of ...
... significantly increased glutamate, aspartate, GABA, serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine levels in the extracellular dialysates. The number of c-fos-stained cell nuclei in the striatum displayed a prolonged increase, showing significantly elevated numbers throughout the experiment. The increase of ...
Effects of Early Monocular Deprivation on Visual
... the deprived eye. Because we were interested in differences between SC inputs from the deprived and nondeprived eyes, we concentrated on units with monocular receptive fields in this section of the experiment (with our methods we were unable to determine the contribution of each eye to binocular SC ...
... the deprived eye. Because we were interested in differences between SC inputs from the deprived and nondeprived eyes, we concentrated on units with monocular receptive fields in this section of the experiment (with our methods we were unable to determine the contribution of each eye to binocular SC ...
Reaching beyond the classical receptive field of V1 neurons
... ceases to increase [20,54,84]. The high contrast summation RF (hsRF) corresponds to the region of visual field over which the cell summates stimuli. This method provides estimates of RF center size larger than the mRF or the RF center sizes obtained using automatic plotting by reverse correlation (Fi ...
... ceases to increase [20,54,84]. The high contrast summation RF (hsRF) corresponds to the region of visual field over which the cell summates stimuli. This method provides estimates of RF center size larger than the mRF or the RF center sizes obtained using automatic plotting by reverse correlation (Fi ...
Nineteen
... an appraisal of sensory delicits provides information concerning the location of a lesion in ...
... an appraisal of sensory delicits provides information concerning the location of a lesion in ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.