Basal Ganglia objectives - NBio401
... -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia ...
... -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia ...
Chapter_013
... Some fluid leaves the fourth ventricle through openings in its roof into the cisterna magna, a space that is continuous with the subarachnoid space ...
... Some fluid leaves the fourth ventricle through openings in its roof into the cisterna magna, a space that is continuous with the subarachnoid space ...
PPT
... • In PRR & LIP in the posterior parietal cortex – Maps for the direction of either arm or eye movements that the monkey is intending to perform(SUA) – Direction of planned arm and eye movements(LFP) – Tuning widths for movement directions(LFP, SUA) LFP in general shows responses properties similar t ...
... • In PRR & LIP in the posterior parietal cortex – Maps for the direction of either arm or eye movements that the monkey is intending to perform(SUA) – Direction of planned arm and eye movements(LFP) – Tuning widths for movement directions(LFP, SUA) LFP in general shows responses properties similar t ...
From format to function: Embodiment and the functional roles of
... association area then conjoin the active features and store them in memory. Later, in the absence of visual input, these conjunctive neurons partially reactivate the original set of feature detectors to represent the car visually. Such re-enactments or simulations […] provide the cognitive- ...
... association area then conjoin the active features and store them in memory. Later, in the absence of visual input, these conjunctive neurons partially reactivate the original set of feature detectors to represent the car visually. Such re-enactments or simulations […] provide the cognitive- ...
Effects of acetylcholine on neuronal properties in entorhinal cortex James G. Heys
... septum and the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (MSDB). To understand how cholinergic neurotransmission can modulate behavior, research has been directed toward identification of the specific cellular mechanisms in EC that can be modulated through cholinergic activity. This review focuses ...
... septum and the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (MSDB). To understand how cholinergic neurotransmission can modulate behavior, research has been directed toward identification of the specific cellular mechanisms in EC that can be modulated through cholinergic activity. This review focuses ...
Cerebellar Unit Activity and the Movement Disruption Induced by
... weight (200—250 g) and trained to reach for 20 mg pellets of Larsen's diet into a narrow (11 mm internal diameter) horizontal feeder attached to the front wall of a plexiglass chamber (Megirian et al. 1974). Only animals which succeeded in retrieving pellets placed 10—15 mm deep in the feeder consis ...
... weight (200—250 g) and trained to reach for 20 mg pellets of Larsen's diet into a narrow (11 mm internal diameter) horizontal feeder attached to the front wall of a plexiglass chamber (Megirian et al. 1974). Only animals which succeeded in retrieving pellets placed 10—15 mm deep in the feeder consis ...
neuroanatomy - NC State Veterinary Medicine
... medial tectospinal (tectospinal) tract = orientation of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual input spinotectal tract- move neck (head and eyes) towards movements Tegmentum The tegmentum is the ventral mesencephalon. Some definitions exclude the crus cerebri. This area is the location of se ...
... medial tectospinal (tectospinal) tract = orientation of the eyes, head, and neck in response to visual input spinotectal tract- move neck (head and eyes) towards movements Tegmentum The tegmentum is the ventral mesencephalon. Some definitions exclude the crus cerebri. This area is the location of se ...
The continuous performance test: a window on
... limbic system. The involvement of the limbic system as well as the medial and dorsolateral frontal cortex is seen as resulting from their respective inputs into the association areas, which in turn impact on the inferior parietal lobes to inhibit or facilitate attentional response. The posterior par ...
... limbic system. The involvement of the limbic system as well as the medial and dorsolateral frontal cortex is seen as resulting from their respective inputs into the association areas, which in turn impact on the inferior parietal lobes to inhibit or facilitate attentional response. The posterior par ...
Rewardguided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus
... response be clearly defined in terms of the controlling contingency rather than by either the response form or the behavioral task used to establish it. Without examining the controlling contingency in a given situation, both the behavior and the neural processes found to mediate the behavior are lik ...
... response be clearly defined in terms of the controlling contingency rather than by either the response form or the behavioral task used to establish it. Without examining the controlling contingency in a given situation, both the behavior and the neural processes found to mediate the behavior are lik ...
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex
... data. Likelihood approaches, which address this aim, were introduced by Fisher (1925) within the framework of estimation theory. Fisher believed that objective inference could be properly based solely on the likelihood function (Efron 1998, Pawitan 2001). It has come to represent more than just a me ...
... data. Likelihood approaches, which address this aim, were introduced by Fisher (1925) within the framework of estimation theory. Fisher believed that objective inference could be properly based solely on the likelihood function (Efron 1998, Pawitan 2001). It has come to represent more than just a me ...
Cortical cfos Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory
... layer 2 neurons but also the subthreshold synaptic input that drives spiking. The short latency sensory-evoked synaptic response reflects both direct thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isolate this response for comparison between cells, we focused analysis on the ear ...
... layer 2 neurons but also the subthreshold synaptic input that drives spiking. The short latency sensory-evoked synaptic response reflects both direct thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isolate this response for comparison between cells, we focused analysis on the ear ...
Visual Object Recognition: Do We Know More Now Than We Did 20
... example, results regarding the incredible rapidity with which successful recognition is achieved have imposed significant new constraints on current theories. Consider the study by Thorpe et al. (1996), in which they allowed observers only 20 ms to determine whether an animal was present in a natural ...
... example, results regarding the incredible rapidity with which successful recognition is achieved have imposed significant new constraints on current theories. Consider the study by Thorpe et al. (1996), in which they allowed observers only 20 ms to determine whether an animal was present in a natural ...
The basal ganglia and cortex implement optimal decision making
... training the animals undergo before these experiments). These cortical connections are assumed to encode the stimulus-response mapping. However, even in simple, highly constrained laboratory tasks, there will be more than one possible response and so there is a problem of action selection in which t ...
... training the animals undergo before these experiments). These cortical connections are assumed to encode the stimulus-response mapping. However, even in simple, highly constrained laboratory tasks, there will be more than one possible response and so there is a problem of action selection in which t ...
Hypothalamus
... preoptic area. The neurochemical phenotype of parvocellular neurons plays an extremely important role in determining the secretory responses of the anterior pituitary gland. Often, two neurochemically distinct populations of parvocellular neurons will have opposing effects upon the same group of cell ...
... preoptic area. The neurochemical phenotype of parvocellular neurons plays an extremely important role in determining the secretory responses of the anterior pituitary gland. Often, two neurochemically distinct populations of parvocellular neurons will have opposing effects upon the same group of cell ...
Reflexes Reaction time
... clinical testing of reflexes Achilles reflexogram reaction time – basic principles testing reaction time ...
... clinical testing of reflexes Achilles reflexogram reaction time – basic principles testing reaction time ...
Mapping of second order olfactory neurons and ventral
... different species, in particular the olfactory pathways. Due to their highly specialized ability of detecting air-born molecules over long distances, plus an accessible nervous system, noctuid moths have served as favorable model organisms for exploring basic neural principles underlying chemosensor ...
... different species, in particular the olfactory pathways. Due to their highly specialized ability of detecting air-born molecules over long distances, plus an accessible nervous system, noctuid moths have served as favorable model organisms for exploring basic neural principles underlying chemosensor ...
Comparison of Primate Prefrontal and Inferior Temporal
... our sensory environment. Several recent studies have reported neuronal correlates of visual categories in two interconnected cortical areas involved in visual recognition, memory, and other visual functions: the inferior temporal cortex (ITC) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) (Vogels, 1999; Freedman e ...
... our sensory environment. Several recent studies have reported neuronal correlates of visual categories in two interconnected cortical areas involved in visual recognition, memory, and other visual functions: the inferior temporal cortex (ITC) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) (Vogels, 1999; Freedman e ...
IBRO 2008
... vitro. Changes of the functional representation of visual space in vivo (enlarged receptive fields, shifts in retinotopy) indicate changes of synaptic connectivity. The parallel in vitro studies of synaptic plasticity and immunohistochemical and molecular approaches revealed underlying mechanisms th ...
... vitro. Changes of the functional representation of visual space in vivo (enlarged receptive fields, shifts in retinotopy) indicate changes of synaptic connectivity. The parallel in vitro studies of synaptic plasticity and immunohistochemical and molecular approaches revealed underlying mechanisms th ...
Scientific significance of sleep talking
... dreams can occur during all sleep stages, we are dreaming most vividly in a sleep stage known as “REM sleep” because of the occurrence of Rapid Eye Movements. During REM sleep, all body muscles (with the exception of the eye muscles, obviously) are paralyzed by neural structures in the brain stem, w ...
... dreams can occur during all sleep stages, we are dreaming most vividly in a sleep stage known as “REM sleep” because of the occurrence of Rapid Eye Movements. During REM sleep, all body muscles (with the exception of the eye muscles, obviously) are paralyzed by neural structures in the brain stem, w ...
Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
... Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - sensory input having no previous correlation with a response but which becomes associated with it. E.g. Pavlov’s bell. Keith L. Downing ...
... Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - sensory input having no previous correlation with a response but which becomes associated with it. E.g. Pavlov’s bell. Keith L. Downing ...
Mechanisms of Neuronal Computation in Mammalian Visual Cortex
... Models of Orientation Selectivity Few computational models have the elegance, simplicity, and longevity of Hubel and Wiesel’s proposal for how the cortical circuit generates orientation selectivity. In their 1962 paper, they proposed that a simple cell becomes orientation selective by virtue of the ...
... Models of Orientation Selectivity Few computational models have the elegance, simplicity, and longevity of Hubel and Wiesel’s proposal for how the cortical circuit generates orientation selectivity. In their 1962 paper, they proposed that a simple cell becomes orientation selective by virtue of the ...
psychology 2
... Generating the Message: Neural Impulse LO 2.1 What Are the Nervous System, Neurons, and Nerves? ...
... Generating the Message: Neural Impulse LO 2.1 What Are the Nervous System, Neurons, and Nerves? ...
The Structure of Spatial Receptive Fields of Neurons in Primary
... column, 65 dB ATTN). Both cells exhibited hemifield VSRFs for intensities within 20 dB of threshold. When intensity was increased further, the VSRF expanded and eventually came to represent essentially all of the acoustic space surrounding the cat. Quantitatively, this is reflected in the systematic ...
... column, 65 dB ATTN). Both cells exhibited hemifield VSRFs for intensities within 20 dB of threshold. When intensity was increased further, the VSRF expanded and eventually came to represent essentially all of the acoustic space surrounding the cat. Quantitatively, this is reflected in the systematic ...
Columnar Organization of Dendrites and Axons of Single and
... Figure 2. A, Barrel cortex slice under bright-field illumination. The white asterisk marks a biocytin-labeled spiny stellate cell. B, Camera lucida reconstruction of the spiny stellate cell marked by the white asterisk in A. The somatodendritic configuration is shown in red; the axonal collaterals a ...
... Figure 2. A, Barrel cortex slice under bright-field illumination. The white asterisk marks a biocytin-labeled spiny stellate cell. B, Camera lucida reconstruction of the spiny stellate cell marked by the white asterisk in A. The somatodendritic configuration is shown in red; the axonal collaterals a ...
Vagal Input to Lateral Area 3a in Cat Cortex
... provided the first anatomically identified demonstration of this putative visceral region in experimental animals. The results suggested that this region is continuous with the intraoral trigeminal representation in S1. However, these results did not provide a direct comparison with human cortex bec ...
... provided the first anatomically identified demonstration of this putative visceral region in experimental animals. The results suggested that this region is continuous with the intraoral trigeminal representation in S1. However, these results did not provide a direct comparison with human cortex bec ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.