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Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... lobe, and their primary neurites project medially and bifurcate near the ␣-lobe. In the ␣-lobe feedback neurons form narrow banded, horizontal arborizations in the dorsal and median ␣-lobe; each cell innervates a certain ␣-lobe layer. The neurons form additional branches in the pedunculus and the - ...
... lobe, and their primary neurites project medially and bifurcate near the ␣-lobe. In the ␣-lobe feedback neurons form narrow banded, horizontal arborizations in the dorsal and median ␣-lobe; each cell innervates a certain ␣-lobe layer. The neurons form additional branches in the pedunculus and the - ...
Chemosensory Convergence on Primary Olfactory Cortex
... the IOC for entering the nose poke (only clean air was presented during single-unit activity, waveforms were clustered automatically using the these sessions). During experimental sessions, odor stimuli were delivvalley-seeking algorithm in Plexon Offline Sorter (Koontz and Fukuered for a duration o ...
... the IOC for entering the nose poke (only clean air was presented during single-unit activity, waveforms were clustered automatically using the these sessions). During experimental sessions, odor stimuli were delivvalley-seeking algorithm in Plexon Offline Sorter (Koontz and Fukuered for a duration o ...
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... al. (26) have demonstrated that complete lesioning of the globus pallidus causes a slight increase in the firing rate of subthalamic neurons, which is far less pronounced than the increase observed in animals with nigrostriatal damage. These data suggest that an additional, if not alternative, expla ...
... al. (26) have demonstrated that complete lesioning of the globus pallidus causes a slight increase in the firing rate of subthalamic neurons, which is far less pronounced than the increase observed in animals with nigrostriatal damage. These data suggest that an additional, if not alternative, expla ...
Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development
... animal models of disrupted stages of cortical development and we compare long-term anatomical, neurochemical, and behavior abnormalities in these models. The behavioral abnormalities in these models range from alterations in simple motor behaviors to food hoarding and maternal behaviors as well as c ...
... animal models of disrupted stages of cortical development and we compare long-term anatomical, neurochemical, and behavior abnormalities in these models. The behavioral abnormalities in these models range from alterations in simple motor behaviors to food hoarding and maternal behaviors as well as c ...
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... however, unlike the separation between the sensory and motor pathways in primates, corticospinal (motor) projections course in the dorsal columns in rodents (Hicks and D’Amato, 1975; D’Amato and Hicks, 1978; Vahlsing and Feringa, 1980; Paxino and Watson, 2007). Therefore, dorsal column lesions in ro ...
... however, unlike the separation between the sensory and motor pathways in primates, corticospinal (motor) projections course in the dorsal columns in rodents (Hicks and D’Amato, 1975; D’Amato and Hicks, 1978; Vahlsing and Feringa, 1980; Paxino and Watson, 2007). Therefore, dorsal column lesions in ro ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... PPTN also projects to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (Beninato and Spencer 1986) that encode an error signal for reinforcement learning (Schultz 1998). PPTN receives limbic inputs from the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (Semba and Fibiger 1992), and th ...
... PPTN also projects to the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (Beninato and Spencer 1986) that encode an error signal for reinforcement learning (Schultz 1998). PPTN receives limbic inputs from the hypothalamus, the ventral tegmental area (Semba and Fibiger 1992), and th ...
Natural Stimulation of the Nonclassical Receptive Field Increases
... 20 – 60 behavioral fixation trials. In most cases there was excellent agreement between CRF profiles estimated using the two methods. In those cases in which the methods disagreed, the reverse correlation size estimates were used. CRF diameters ranged from ⬃20 to 50 min of arc, consistent with other ...
... 20 – 60 behavioral fixation trials. In most cases there was excellent agreement between CRF profiles estimated using the two methods. In those cases in which the methods disagreed, the reverse correlation size estimates were used. CRF diameters ranged from ⬃20 to 50 min of arc, consistent with other ...
Human substantia nigra neurons encode decision outcome and are
... The ability to categorize stimuli – predator or prey, friend or foe – is an essential feature of the decision-making process. Underlying that ability is the development of an internally generated category boundary to generate decision outcomes. While classic temporal difference reinforcement models ...
... The ability to categorize stimuli – predator or prey, friend or foe – is an essential feature of the decision-making process. Underlying that ability is the development of an internally generated category boundary to generate decision outcomes. While classic temporal difference reinforcement models ...
Eye-movement reinstatement and neural reactivation during mental
... Figure 4. Correlation Between Fixation Reinstatement and Neural Reactivation. Data are represented as correlation coefficient ± 1 SE; FDR corrected one-tailed p-value: ∙ < .1, * < .05, ** < .01, *** < .001. A) The correlation between fixation reinstatement and neural reactivation for each recency co ...
... Figure 4. Correlation Between Fixation Reinstatement and Neural Reactivation. Data are represented as correlation coefficient ± 1 SE; FDR corrected one-tailed p-value: ∙ < .1, * < .05, ** < .01, *** < .001. A) The correlation between fixation reinstatement and neural reactivation for each recency co ...
pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus
... The MCC is involved in response selection and has two separate cingulate motor areas that project to the spinal cord and motor cortices21,22. This region, and the cortex dorsal to it, can be engaged in cognitive tasks that do not necessarily require movement and decisions, and that are based on the ...
... The MCC is involved in response selection and has two separate cingulate motor areas that project to the spinal cord and motor cortices21,22. This region, and the cortex dorsal to it, can be engaged in cognitive tasks that do not necessarily require movement and decisions, and that are based on the ...
Supranuclear control of ocular motility
... collaboration of vestibular and visually mediated mechanisms. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes operate during locomotion, generating compensatory eye movements to counteract high-frequency head perturbations that occur with each step. One remarkable property of vestibulo-ocular reflexes is their short late ...
... collaboration of vestibular and visually mediated mechanisms. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes operate during locomotion, generating compensatory eye movements to counteract high-frequency head perturbations that occur with each step. One remarkable property of vestibulo-ocular reflexes is their short late ...
Topical Review
... Background and Purpose—This review will focus on the emerging principles of neural repair after stroke, and on the overlap between cellular mechanisms of neural repair in stroke and clinical principles of recovery and rehabilitation. Summary of Review—Stroke induces axonal sprouting and neurogenesis ...
... Background and Purpose—This review will focus on the emerging principles of neural repair after stroke, and on the overlap between cellular mechanisms of neural repair in stroke and clinical principles of recovery and rehabilitation. Summary of Review—Stroke induces axonal sprouting and neurogenesis ...
Sympathetic Division (cont)
... increase its output of neurotransmitter to produce a greater effect on the postsynaptic neuron(s). Circuits that are repeatedly active release a low level of neurotransmitter that results in facilitation of postsynaptic neurons(s). Highly active neurons establish increased numbers of synapses with t ...
... increase its output of neurotransmitter to produce a greater effect on the postsynaptic neuron(s). Circuits that are repeatedly active release a low level of neurotransmitter that results in facilitation of postsynaptic neurons(s). Highly active neurons establish increased numbers of synapses with t ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... histamine into the basal forebrain region caused a significant increase in the high θ- and γrange power throughout infusion period, but the δ-wave activity during non-rapid eye movement slow-wave sleep remained similar to those of the control. We conclude from our data that the circadian process may ...
... histamine into the basal forebrain region caused a significant increase in the high θ- and γrange power throughout infusion period, but the δ-wave activity during non-rapid eye movement slow-wave sleep remained similar to those of the control. We conclude from our data that the circadian process may ...
Anatomical organization of the eye fields in the human and non
... (1969) (B). (A) ‘‘The circle 12 includes the superior and middle frontal convolution from the antero-parietal sulcus (Huxley), sulcus precentralis (Ecker), to the anterior extremity of the supero-frontal sulcus. The results of stimulation of these convolutions were always so uniform, that the genera ...
... (1969) (B). (A) ‘‘The circle 12 includes the superior and middle frontal convolution from the antero-parietal sulcus (Huxley), sulcus precentralis (Ecker), to the anterior extremity of the supero-frontal sulcus. The results of stimulation of these convolutions were always so uniform, that the genera ...
Principles of Neural Science
... stimulus, determined by the type of energy transmitted by the stimulus and the receptors specialized to sense that energy (Figure 21-1). Receptors, together with their central pathways and target areas in the brain, comprise a sensory system, and activity within a system gives rise to specific types ...
... stimulus, determined by the type of energy transmitted by the stimulus and the receptors specialized to sense that energy (Figure 21-1). Receptors, together with their central pathways and target areas in the brain, comprise a sensory system, and activity within a system gives rise to specific types ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... 1990). In the present study, we provisionally accepted the principle as correct and asked whether it could be used to deduce new information about cortical function. The principle that functions are arranged to optimize spatial continuity provides a quantitative relationship between function and top ...
... 1990). In the present study, we provisionally accepted the principle as correct and asked whether it could be used to deduce new information about cortical function. The principle that functions are arranged to optimize spatial continuity provides a quantitative relationship between function and top ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... 1990). In the present study, we provisionally accepted the principle as correct and asked whether it could be used to deduce new information about cortical function. The principle that functions are arranged to optimize spatial continuity provides a quantitative relationship between function and top ...
... 1990). In the present study, we provisionally accepted the principle as correct and asked whether it could be used to deduce new information about cortical function. The principle that functions are arranged to optimize spatial continuity provides a quantitative relationship between function and top ...
The response of cat visual cortex to flicker stimuli of variable frequency
... thalamic nuclei and cortical areas involved in the processing of sensory information. Up to this frequency range, oscillatory activity can readily be recorded with macro-electrodes, which indicates that a large number of neurons must have synchronized their activities at the respective oscillation f ...
... thalamic nuclei and cortical areas involved in the processing of sensory information. Up to this frequency range, oscillatory activity can readily be recorded with macro-electrodes, which indicates that a large number of neurons must have synchronized their activities at the respective oscillation f ...
Systematic Regional Variations in the Loss of Cortical Cholinergic
... Within the brains that were processed for ChAT immunohistochemistry and AChE histochemistry, the two procedures revealed an identical regional and laminar pattern and density of cortical fibers. In both the normal and AD brains, areas that showed a high density of ChAT-positive fibers also displayed ...
... Within the brains that were processed for ChAT immunohistochemistry and AChE histochemistry, the two procedures revealed an identical regional and laminar pattern and density of cortical fibers. In both the normal and AD brains, areas that showed a high density of ChAT-positive fibers also displayed ...
Interactive Presentation Slides Faculty Guide
... topics. Each lecture provides opportunities for discussion and interaction and enlivens the psychology classroom with an unprecedented number of embedded video clips and animations from Worth’s Video Tool Kit for Introductory Psychology, Digital Media Archives, and Scientific American Frontiers Teac ...
... topics. Each lecture provides opportunities for discussion and interaction and enlivens the psychology classroom with an unprecedented number of embedded video clips and animations from Worth’s Video Tool Kit for Introductory Psychology, Digital Media Archives, and Scientific American Frontiers Teac ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... GABAA and glycine receptors, CCCs also show close interactions with glutamatergic signaling. A crosstalk among CCCs and trophic factors is important in short-term and long-term modification of neuronal properties. CCCs appear to be multifunctional proteins that are also involved in shaping neuronal ...
... GABAA and glycine receptors, CCCs also show close interactions with glutamatergic signaling. A crosstalk among CCCs and trophic factors is important in short-term and long-term modification of neuronal properties. CCCs appear to be multifunctional proteins that are also involved in shaping neuronal ...
the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat
... in the medial division. Still other inputs are known, not to mention those from the cerebral cortex and a widespread and complicated pattern of thalamocortical projections. The morphological heterogeneity of medial division neurons and axons is consistent, with the large number and functional divers ...
... in the medial division. Still other inputs are known, not to mention those from the cerebral cortex and a widespread and complicated pattern of thalamocortical projections. The morphological heterogeneity of medial division neurons and axons is consistent, with the large number and functional divers ...
A circular model for song motor control in Serinus canaria
... that drives inspiration) during singing causes disruptions of song sequencing, these connections have been suggested to play a critical role in the execution of the motor program for singing (Ashmore et al., 2005, 2008). Is it possible to have sparse activity in the telencephalon concurrent with sig ...
... that drives inspiration) during singing causes disruptions of song sequencing, these connections have been suggested to play a critical role in the execution of the motor program for singing (Ashmore et al., 2005, 2008). Is it possible to have sparse activity in the telencephalon concurrent with sig ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... however, and did not reconstruct the SII neuronal recording sites with respect to the cortical layers. Cutaneous stimulation. We have shown previously that thalamic and cortical neurons that are sensitive to hair movements can be activated by computer-controlled airjets (Johnson and Alloway, 1994, 1 ...
... however, and did not reconstruct the SII neuronal recording sites with respect to the cortical layers. Cutaneous stimulation. We have shown previously that thalamic and cortical neurons that are sensitive to hair movements can be activated by computer-controlled airjets (Johnson and Alloway, 1994, 1 ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
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The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.