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Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... analyses accounting for both scan-to-scan and subject-to-subject variability. More precisely, the sets of individual statistical maps corresponding to a specific effect of interest were entered as covariates in multiple regression models (analysis of variance [ANOVA] without a constant) as implemente ...
... analyses accounting for both scan-to-scan and subject-to-subject variability. More precisely, the sets of individual statistical maps corresponding to a specific effect of interest were entered as covariates in multiple regression models (analysis of variance [ANOVA] without a constant) as implemente ...
Saccade Target Selection in Frontal Eye Field of Macaque. I. Visual
... signal could be varied relative to target presentation. In the basic condition the trigger signal coincided with target presentation (Fig. 1A); this condition usually used 0% nogo trials. In the instructed delay condition, the monkey was required to maintain fixation on the central spot after the ta ...
... signal could be varied relative to target presentation. In the basic condition the trigger signal coincided with target presentation (Fig. 1A); this condition usually used 0% nogo trials. In the instructed delay condition, the monkey was required to maintain fixation on the central spot after the ta ...
pdf file - Center for Theoretical Neuroscience
... No other receptive field property characterizes the neurons of the visual cortex like orientation selectivity. The great majority of neurons in the primary visual cortex of many carnivores and primates are exquisitely sensitive to the orientation of a stimulus. Yet the relay cells of the lateral gen ...
... No other receptive field property characterizes the neurons of the visual cortex like orientation selectivity. The great majority of neurons in the primary visual cortex of many carnivores and primates are exquisitely sensitive to the orientation of a stimulus. Yet the relay cells of the lateral gen ...
Neuro Objectives 22 - U
... Medial longitudinal fasciculus: medial throughout brainstem, ventral to the ventricular system Oculomotor nuclei: rostral midbrain, medial, multiple nuclei ventral to periaqueductal gray Trochlear nuclei: caudal midbrain, medial, dorsal to MLF, only cranial nerve that leaves both dorsally and crosse ...
... Medial longitudinal fasciculus: medial throughout brainstem, ventral to the ventricular system Oculomotor nuclei: rostral midbrain, medial, multiple nuclei ventral to periaqueductal gray Trochlear nuclei: caudal midbrain, medial, dorsal to MLF, only cranial nerve that leaves both dorsally and crosse ...
Thalamocortical inputs trigger a propagating envelope of gamma
... A fundamental issue in cortical physiology concerns how information relayed by thalamic inputs is processed within cortical circuits. In the auditory system, acoustic stimuli generate short-latency (10–20 ms) cortical responses that reflect the physical characteristics of the stimulus, e.g., its fre ...
... A fundamental issue in cortical physiology concerns how information relayed by thalamic inputs is processed within cortical circuits. In the auditory system, acoustic stimuli generate short-latency (10–20 ms) cortical responses that reflect the physical characteristics of the stimulus, e.g., its fre ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and monoaminergic neurons in the brain stem to maintain arousal. In addition, orexin neurons also appear to act on LDT/PPT cholinergic neurons, because orexin neurons project directly to the PPT/ LDT nuclei and direct injection of orexin-A into the LDT of cats ...
... the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and monoaminergic neurons in the brain stem to maintain arousal. In addition, orexin neurons also appear to act on LDT/PPT cholinergic neurons, because orexin neurons project directly to the PPT/ LDT nuclei and direct injection of orexin-A into the LDT of cats ...
Sleep and Biological Rhythms - University of South Alabama
... If sleep is controlled by chemicals, these chemicals must be produced in the brain and act in the brain. If some cells in the brain are very active they exceed the available supply of glucose, and begin to metabolize ___________ which is supplied by astrocytes. The metabolism of glycogen causes an i ...
... If sleep is controlled by chemicals, these chemicals must be produced in the brain and act in the brain. If some cells in the brain are very active they exceed the available supply of glucose, and begin to metabolize ___________ which is supplied by astrocytes. The metabolism of glycogen causes an i ...
MS Word DOC - AvianBrain.org
... The names currently employed for the avian telencephalon were first applied when knowledge on the non-mammalian brain and techniques for studying the brain were both very poor and limited (Huber and Crosby, 1929; Ariëns-Kappers, Huber and Crosby, 1936). The inherited names that we commonly employ fo ...
... The names currently employed for the avian telencephalon were first applied when knowledge on the non-mammalian brain and techniques for studying the brain were both very poor and limited (Huber and Crosby, 1929; Ariëns-Kappers, Huber and Crosby, 1936). The inherited names that we commonly employ fo ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... learning signals to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex, where they are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be ...
... learning signals to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex, where they are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be ...
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
... postnatal changes in the pattern of GnRH secretion. Researchers have studied this most in the rhesus monkey and rat27,36–38. For example, after elimination of gonadal steroids by neonatal castration of male monkeys, gonadotropin levels remain very low during the two-tothree-year prepubertal period, ...
... postnatal changes in the pattern of GnRH secretion. Researchers have studied this most in the rhesus monkey and rat27,36–38. For example, after elimination of gonadal steroids by neonatal castration of male monkeys, gonadotropin levels remain very low during the two-tothree-year prepubertal period, ...
Functional Organization in the Motor Cortex
... participants were requested not to move their hands during the experiment, and did not have control of the cursor. This experiment was designed to see whether the visual elements of the task were sufficient to cause activation in M1, and moreover, cause the high correlations between same directions. ...
... participants were requested not to move their hands during the experiment, and did not have control of the cursor. This experiment was designed to see whether the visual elements of the task were sufficient to cause activation in M1, and moreover, cause the high correlations between same directions. ...
Diverse functions of perineuronal nets
... degrades PNs and therefore reduces inhibitory CS proteoglycans features, was used in different experimental models (Crespo et al. 2007, Kwok et al. 2008). Studies by Pizzorusso and colleagues (2002) demonstrate that treating the mature rat visual cortex with ChABC restores ocular dominance plasticit ...
... degrades PNs and therefore reduces inhibitory CS proteoglycans features, was used in different experimental models (Crespo et al. 2007, Kwok et al. 2008). Studies by Pizzorusso and colleagues (2002) demonstrate that treating the mature rat visual cortex with ChABC restores ocular dominance plasticit ...
Retrieval induces adaptive forgetting of competing memories via
... the activation state of individual target memories and competitors during retrieval. This method revealed that repeatedly retrieving target memories suppressed cortical patterns unique to competitors. Pattern suppression was related to engagement of prefrontal regions that have been implicated in re ...
... the activation state of individual target memories and competitors during retrieval. This method revealed that repeatedly retrieving target memories suppressed cortical patterns unique to competitors. Pattern suppression was related to engagement of prefrontal regions that have been implicated in re ...
Neurobiology of Economic Choice: A Good
... inform other brain systems, including sensory and motor systems (through attention and attention-like mechanisms), associative learning (e.g., through mechanisms of reinforcement learning), emotion (including autonomic functions), etc. Abbreviations: orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventromedial prefront ...
... inform other brain systems, including sensory and motor systems (through attention and attention-like mechanisms), associative learning (e.g., through mechanisms of reinforcement learning), emotion (including autonomic functions), etc. Abbreviations: orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ventromedial prefront ...
The pattern of ocular dominance columns in macaque visual cortex
... normal fibers and were most clear in layer 4C a, immediately deep to the line of Gennari. The dark bands were about 300 F wide and showed blind endings and bifurcations. The light bands were about 50 p wide and did not branch or terminate within area 17. Because the dark bands were similar in width ...
... normal fibers and were most clear in layer 4C a, immediately deep to the line of Gennari. The dark bands were about 300 F wide and showed blind endings and bifurcations. The light bands were about 50 p wide and did not branch or terminate within area 17. Because the dark bands were similar in width ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... thought of as the primary site where associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and stored1–5. In contrast to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) has been considered to be primarily involved in the ...
... thought of as the primary site where associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and stored1–5. In contrast to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) has been considered to be primarily involved in the ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... region of the spinal cord gray matter, although some extend more laterally to contact the neurons that control the proximal muscles of the limbs. The projections from the vestibular nuclei that control axial muscles and those that influence proximal limb muscles originate from different cells and ta ...
... region of the spinal cord gray matter, although some extend more laterally to contact the neurons that control the proximal muscles of the limbs. The projections from the vestibular nuclei that control axial muscles and those that influence proximal limb muscles originate from different cells and ta ...
Neurofeedback Treatment of Epilepsy
... should be trained to maximize the reduction in seizures. Several other studies, not reviewed by Sterman in 2000, also support the effectiveness of neurofeedback in reducing seizure frequency in poorly controlled epilepsy.9-12 In recent years, in our clinic, we have tried a different approach to try ...
... should be trained to maximize the reduction in seizures. Several other studies, not reviewed by Sterman in 2000, also support the effectiveness of neurofeedback in reducing seizure frequency in poorly controlled epilepsy.9-12 In recent years, in our clinic, we have tried a different approach to try ...
Chapter 3 Overlapping circuits for relative value and selective
... To investigate if the effects of the reward cues and the central attention cues are correlated across neurons, we calculated a reward modulation index (MIrew) for every recording site in the first delay using conditions with the most extreme relative values MIRew=(RHigh– RNo)/(RHigh+RNo), and compar ...
... To investigate if the effects of the reward cues and the central attention cues are correlated across neurons, we calculated a reward modulation index (MIrew) for every recording site in the first delay using conditions with the most extreme relative values MIRew=(RHigh– RNo)/(RHigh+RNo), and compar ...
Affective percept and voluntary action: A hypothesis
... site when thirsty. Using functional imaging techniques Francis et al. (1999) found three different areas for pleasure of touch, taste and smell in the orbitofrontal cortex. 3. Some affective specificity seems to exist even within one sensory or functional system. Rolls et al. (1983, 1984) have shown ...
... site when thirsty. Using functional imaging techniques Francis et al. (1999) found three different areas for pleasure of touch, taste and smell in the orbitofrontal cortex. 3. Some affective specificity seems to exist even within one sensory or functional system. Rolls et al. (1983, 1984) have shown ...
The encoding and decoding of com-
... projected to the LGN stage where its edges are enhanced. In the next stage, the LGN output passes through a set of Gabor filters that resemble the orientation selectivity characteristics found in the receptive fields of V1 neurons. Here we show the output response of one Gabor filter as input for th ...
... projected to the LGN stage where its edges are enhanced. In the next stage, the LGN output passes through a set of Gabor filters that resemble the orientation selectivity characteristics found in the receptive fields of V1 neurons. Here we show the output response of one Gabor filter as input for th ...
Astrocytes - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... [KⳭ]o and limit its accumulation to a maximum level of 10 to 12 mM, the ceiling level seen with intense activity such as epileptic discharge (37,38). Neurons, and perhaps blood vessels, also participate in [KⳭ]o regulation, but glial mechanisms are probably most important. Two general mechanisms of ...
... [KⳭ]o and limit its accumulation to a maximum level of 10 to 12 mM, the ceiling level seen with intense activity such as epileptic discharge (37,38). Neurons, and perhaps blood vessels, also participate in [KⳭ]o regulation, but glial mechanisms are probably most important. Two general mechanisms of ...
Neuroanatomy and function of brain structures involved in the
... signals travel together until they reach the brain stem where the neuronal pathways for milk ejection and PRL regulation diverge. In a previous study suckling stimulus induced cFos expression in some brain stem structures suggesting the role of these structures in relaying the suckling stimulus to ...
... signals travel together until they reach the brain stem where the neuronal pathways for milk ejection and PRL regulation diverge. In a previous study suckling stimulus induced cFos expression in some brain stem structures suggesting the role of these structures in relaying the suckling stimulus to ...
Article 5 - Graduate Program in Neuroscience | UBC
... the behavioral reaction to be performed following the trigger (execution or withholding of movement) and predicting the type of reinforcer (liquid or sound). Each trial contained two delay periods, namely the instruction–trigger delay, during which the animal remembered the type of instruction and p ...
... the behavioral reaction to be performed following the trigger (execution or withholding of movement) and predicting the type of reinforcer (liquid or sound). Each trial contained two delay periods, namely the instruction–trigger delay, during which the animal remembered the type of instruction and p ...
Neuronal Activity in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Target
... activated by stimulation within the SC (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983d). For this, electric current was passed through tungsten microelectrodes (Frederick Haer) with impedances between 0.1 and 0.7 M⍀ measured at 1 kHz. Single, biphasic pulses 150 sec in duration were used. Current intensities varied wit ...
... activated by stimulation within the SC (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983d). For this, electric current was passed through tungsten microelectrodes (Frederick Haer) with impedances between 0.1 and 0.7 M⍀ measured at 1 kHz. Single, biphasic pulses 150 sec in duration were used. Current intensities varied wit ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
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The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.