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Reward and Aversion
... neuromodulatory systems and neural circuits involved in reward (Wise 2004). Enormous advances have since been made in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying reward and aversion. It is now understood that reward is not a unitary process but contains several psychological components: liking (p ...
... neuromodulatory systems and neural circuits involved in reward (Wise 2004). Enormous advances have since been made in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying reward and aversion. It is now understood that reward is not a unitary process but contains several psychological components: liking (p ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... all layers of striate cortex. The density of GAD and GABA immunoreactive neurons is greatest in laminae 2-3A, 4A, and 4C,. The distribution of GABAergic neurons within lamina 3 does not appear to be correlated with the patchy distribution of cytochrome oxidase in this region; i.e., there is no signi ...
... all layers of striate cortex. The density of GAD and GABA immunoreactive neurons is greatest in laminae 2-3A, 4A, and 4C,. The distribution of GABAergic neurons within lamina 3 does not appear to be correlated with the patchy distribution of cytochrome oxidase in this region; i.e., there is no signi ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... that the BG participates in open-loop circuits with the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC). Specifically, the ventral striatum (VStr) projects to the dorsal PFC, but does not receive input back from the dorsal PFC. Our results expand on the finding that there exist openloop circuits between the BG and m ...
... that the BG participates in open-loop circuits with the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC). Specifically, the ventral striatum (VStr) projects to the dorsal PFC, but does not receive input back from the dorsal PFC. Our results expand on the finding that there exist openloop circuits between the BG and m ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit
... reflects motor preparation. In support of this interpretation are single-neuron data from monkeys showing that these areas are involved in covert motor preparation22–23. As for the superior parietal lobule, although its activation is typically absent in studies in which the experimenters use distal ...
... reflects motor preparation. In support of this interpretation are single-neuron data from monkeys showing that these areas are involved in covert motor preparation22–23. As for the superior parietal lobule, although its activation is typically absent in studies in which the experimenters use distal ...
The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations
... reflects motor preparation. In support of this interpretation are single-neuron data from monkeys showing that these areas are involved in covert motor preparation22–23. As for the superior parietal lobule, although its activation is typically absent in studies in which the experimenters use distal ...
... reflects motor preparation. In support of this interpretation are single-neuron data from monkeys showing that these areas are involved in covert motor preparation22–23. As for the superior parietal lobule, although its activation is typically absent in studies in which the experimenters use distal ...
Hippocampal mechanisms for the context-dependent retrieval of episodes 2005 Special issue
... Behaviors ranging from delivering newspapers to waiting tables depend on remembering previous episodes to avoid incorrect repetition. Physiologically, this requires mechanisms for long-term storage and selective retrieval of episodes based on the time of occurrence, despite variable intervals and si ...
... Behaviors ranging from delivering newspapers to waiting tables depend on remembering previous episodes to avoid incorrect repetition. Physiologically, this requires mechanisms for long-term storage and selective retrieval of episodes based on the time of occurrence, despite variable intervals and si ...
Basal Ganglia - Adaptive Behaviour Research Group
... a group of highly interconnected brain structures with a critical influence over movement and cognition. The importance of these nuclei for a cluster of human brain disorders including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and schizophrenia, has produced a century or more of strong clinical int ...
... a group of highly interconnected brain structures with a critical influence over movement and cognition. The importance of these nuclei for a cluster of human brain disorders including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and schizophrenia, has produced a century or more of strong clinical int ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... for eye-movement recording, and a stainless steel cylinder for microelectrode recording around a trephine hole in the skull over the anterior part of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Extracellular recordings of single-unit activity were made using tungsten microelectrodes (Frederick Haer). Microe ...
... for eye-movement recording, and a stainless steel cylinder for microelectrode recording around a trephine hole in the skull over the anterior part of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Extracellular recordings of single-unit activity were made using tungsten microelectrodes (Frederick Haer). Microe ...
Cholinergic modulation of cognitive processing: insights drawn from computational models Kishan Gupta
... post-synaptic sites (and is functionally related to the M3 and M5 receptors). The M1 receptor mediates post-synaptic effects of the activation of muscarinic receptors, including depolarization and suppression of spike-frequency accommodation (Dasari and Gulledge, 2011). M2 receptors are located at b ...
... post-synaptic sites (and is functionally related to the M3 and M5 receptors). The M1 receptor mediates post-synaptic effects of the activation of muscarinic receptors, including depolarization and suppression of spike-frequency accommodation (Dasari and Gulledge, 2011). M2 receptors are located at b ...
The Neural Foundations of Reaction and Action in Aversive Motivation
... internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine and Dickinson 1998; Holland and Gallagher 2003; Niv et al. 2006). These responses are ...
... internal factors such as motivation and arousal and performed in order to obtain a goal or reward (Skinner 1938; Estes and Skinner 1941; Estes 1948; Rescorla and LoLordo 1965; Rescorla 1968; Lovibond 1983; Balleine and Dickinson 1998; Holland and Gallagher 2003; Niv et al. 2006). These responses are ...
Acceleration of visually cued conditioned fear through the
... conveys information to the amygdala11,15. However, lesions of the auditory cortex do not affect the magnitude or duration of freezing responses after fear conditioning16. In addition, single unit recordings suggest that this cortical pathway shows slower learning-induced changes than the direct thal ...
... conveys information to the amygdala11,15. However, lesions of the auditory cortex do not affect the magnitude or duration of freezing responses after fear conditioning16. In addition, single unit recordings suggest that this cortical pathway shows slower learning-induced changes than the direct thal ...
Working with Emotion in Psychotherapy Alberta Pos York University
... For example- don’t allow the escape behavior so that it can’t be rewarded by anxiety reduction, as in exposure treatment. Finding and eliminating the stimulus or associated cues that elicit inappropriate behavior. ...
... For example- don’t allow the escape behavior so that it can’t be rewarded by anxiety reduction, as in exposure treatment. Finding and eliminating the stimulus or associated cues that elicit inappropriate behavior. ...
Topographic Maps in Human Frontal Cortex Revealed in Memory
... Data were analyzed using AFNI (Cox 1996) (http://afni.nimh.nih. gov/afni/), MATLAB, FREESURFER (Dale et al. 1999; Fischl et al. 1999) (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/), and SUMA (http://afni. nimh.nih.gov/afni/suma). The functional images were motion corrected (Cox and Jesmanowicz 1999) to the im ...
... Data were analyzed using AFNI (Cox 1996) (http://afni.nimh.nih. gov/afni/), MATLAB, FREESURFER (Dale et al. 1999; Fischl et al. 1999) (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/), and SUMA (http://afni. nimh.nih.gov/afni/suma). The functional images were motion corrected (Cox and Jesmanowicz 1999) to the im ...
Sensation
... An early stage of perception in which neurons in a receptor create an internal pattern of nerve impulses that represent the conditions that stimulated it – either inside or outside the body Perception – A process that makes sensory patterns meaningful and more elaborate; it’s a person’s interpretati ...
... An early stage of perception in which neurons in a receptor create an internal pattern of nerve impulses that represent the conditions that stimulated it – either inside or outside the body Perception – A process that makes sensory patterns meaningful and more elaborate; it’s a person’s interpretati ...
Amo, Neuron, 2014
... and Dayan, 2011; Fiorillo, 2013). In such neural computation, the expectation of negative reward has to be continuously represented in the brain by the time when the real outcome of the behavior is presented to an animal so that representations of both the reward expectation value and the real outco ...
... and Dayan, 2011; Fiorillo, 2013). In such neural computation, the expectation of negative reward has to be continuously represented in the brain by the time when the real outcome of the behavior is presented to an animal so that representations of both the reward expectation value and the real outco ...
Sleep well….Sleep fast!
... Sleep inertia (cont) Residents who manage to reach this stage are particularly vulnerable as they are often called on to function after being awakened from a sound sleep. (slow wave sleep..REM) Many overestimate their ability to function in this state. Some of the most severe cognitive deficits ...
... Sleep inertia (cont) Residents who manage to reach this stage are particularly vulnerable as they are often called on to function after being awakened from a sound sleep. (slow wave sleep..REM) Many overestimate their ability to function in this state. Some of the most severe cognitive deficits ...
Dissociated functional significance of decision
... response fluctuations and the animal’s choices. Neurons in area MT, in contrast, exhibited weak correlations between their response fluctuations and choices, and had firing rate patterns consistent with their sensory role in motion encoding1. The behavioural impact of pharmacological inactivation of ...
... response fluctuations and the animal’s choices. Neurons in area MT, in contrast, exhibited weak correlations between their response fluctuations and choices, and had firing rate patterns consistent with their sensory role in motion encoding1. The behavioural impact of pharmacological inactivation of ...
Hold your horses: A dynamic computational role
... each response compete at the level of GPi, such that stronger Go representations lead to disinhibition of the corresponding column of the thalamus, which in turn amplifies and facilitates the execution of that response in premotor cortex. Concurrently, the alternative response is suppressed. Striata ...
... each response compete at the level of GPi, such that stronger Go representations lead to disinhibition of the corresponding column of the thalamus, which in turn amplifies and facilitates the execution of that response in premotor cortex. Concurrently, the alternative response is suppressed. Striata ...
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... strategy approach to maximize reward and minimize costs; otherwise, competitive opponents can exploit predictable choice patterns. This thesis tested the hypothesis that the frontal eye field (FEF) are involved ...
... strategy approach to maximize reward and minimize costs; otherwise, competitive opponents can exploit predictable choice patterns. This thesis tested the hypothesis that the frontal eye field (FEF) are involved ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... confocal microscope, using the 488 nm argon laser line and a 505–550 nm bandpass emission filter. Image stacks (typically 10 –20 optical sections per stack) were collected at 1.5–2.5 m z-axis steps through the full extent of the dendritic tree and saved for off-line tracing and analysis. Images wer ...
... confocal microscope, using the 488 nm argon laser line and a 505–550 nm bandpass emission filter. Image stacks (typically 10 –20 optical sections per stack) were collected at 1.5–2.5 m z-axis steps through the full extent of the dendritic tree and saved for off-line tracing and analysis. Images wer ...
Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the
... rat. Bottom: representative activity patterns of phrenic (PN), hypoglossal (HN) and central vagus (cVN) nerves recorded from the intact preparation (left) and from reduced preparations obtained by transections at the pontine –medullary junction performed to remove the pons (vertical dot-dashed line ...
... rat. Bottom: representative activity patterns of phrenic (PN), hypoglossal (HN) and central vagus (cVN) nerves recorded from the intact preparation (left) and from reduced preparations obtained by transections at the pontine –medullary junction performed to remove the pons (vertical dot-dashed line ...
Sleep Spindles as Facilitators of Memory Formation and Learning
... Sleep spindles are waxing and waning 7–14 Hz EEG rhythms that occur during various stages of non-REM sleep (Figure 1(a)). They are generated in the thalamus through alternating excitation of relay cells and reticular neurons (Figure 1(b)). Spindles are propagated from thalamus to the cortex by thala ...
... Sleep spindles are waxing and waning 7–14 Hz EEG rhythms that occur during various stages of non-REM sleep (Figure 1(a)). They are generated in the thalamus through alternating excitation of relay cells and reticular neurons (Figure 1(b)). Spindles are propagated from thalamus to the cortex by thala ...
Inhibitory interneurons in a cortical column form hot zones of
... based on extrapolations from volume densities and column geometry, such absolute numbers are very sensitive to tissue shrinkage (attributable to fixative-mediated dehydration) and the precise definition of column borders. Using two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we measured the density of neurons i ...
... based on extrapolations from volume densities and column geometry, such absolute numbers are very sensitive to tissue shrinkage (attributable to fixative-mediated dehydration) and the precise definition of column borders. Using two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we measured the density of neurons i ...
1 How Bayesian statistics are needed to determine whether mental
... population values given the theory (p(population value|theory) is uniform. Enter “0” as the lower bound and “.4” as the upper bound (thereby defining the interval [0, 0.4]), and click “Go!”. The result is B = 1.24. That is, this non-significant result does not count against the theory of subliminal ...
... population values given the theory (p(population value|theory) is uniform. Enter “0” as the lower bound and “.4” as the upper bound (thereby defining the interval [0, 0.4]), and click “Go!”. The result is B = 1.24. That is, this non-significant result does not count against the theory of subliminal ...
Chapter 2
... of most studies of IC neuronal organization and its neuron types and the inputs are best known. Understanding the neuronal organization of the IC in terms of subdivisions has been a problem when it is uncertain how other parts differ from the central nucleus. Because IC subdivisions must be related ...
... of most studies of IC neuronal organization and its neuron types and the inputs are best known. Understanding the neuronal organization of the IC in terms of subdivisions has been a problem when it is uncertain how other parts differ from the central nucleus. Because IC subdivisions must be related ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Neural_Correlates_Of_Consciousness.jpg?width=300)
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.