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Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... extensive networks. Each neuron consists of a number of components: a cell body, which contains the nucleus; numerous short protrusions from the cell body called dendrites; and a long thin structure called an axon that carries the electrical signals generated in the cell body and the dendrites to th ...
... extensive networks. Each neuron consists of a number of components: a cell body, which contains the nucleus; numerous short protrusions from the cell body called dendrites; and a long thin structure called an axon that carries the electrical signals generated in the cell body and the dendrites to th ...
THE AMYGDALA AND REWARD
... solve visual-discrimination problems through instrumental conditioning and to acquire the food-cup approach through Pavlovian conditioning does not rule out a role for the amygdala in the processing of reward and positive affect. Stimulus–response learning seems to account for three of the five beha ...
... solve visual-discrimination problems through instrumental conditioning and to acquire the food-cup approach through Pavlovian conditioning does not rule out a role for the amygdala in the processing of reward and positive affect. Stimulus–response learning seems to account for three of the five beha ...
Human episodic memory retrieval is accompanied by a neural jump
... In the laboratory, episodic memory can be studied using the item recognition task. In item recognition, participants are presented with a study list of novel stimuli to remember (here we use pictures). After study, participants are provided with a set of probe stimuli one at a time, some of which we ...
... In the laboratory, episodic memory can be studied using the item recognition task. In item recognition, participants are presented with a study list of novel stimuli to remember (here we use pictures). After study, participants are provided with a set of probe stimuli one at a time, some of which we ...
Somatotopic mapping of natural upper- and lower
... Yet a limitation of the HGM approach applied in previous experimental studies is that, like ESM, it crucially relies on active patient cooperation and compliance over an extended time period. This may be difficult to achieve in infants, small children, and in cognitively impaired individuals, or if e ...
... Yet a limitation of the HGM approach applied in previous experimental studies is that, like ESM, it crucially relies on active patient cooperation and compliance over an extended time period. This may be difficult to achieve in infants, small children, and in cognitively impaired individuals, or if e ...
the amygdala and reward
... solve visual-discrimination problems through instrumental conditioning and to acquire the food-cup approach through Pavlovian conditioning does not rule out a role for the amygdala in the processing of reward and positive affect. Stimulus–response learning seems to account for three of the five beha ...
... solve visual-discrimination problems through instrumental conditioning and to acquire the food-cup approach through Pavlovian conditioning does not rule out a role for the amygdala in the processing of reward and positive affect. Stimulus–response learning seems to account for three of the five beha ...
Alan Peters
... larger house, but somehow they never got around to doing it. The house was nearby where my father worked, and my mother so liked the area that she lived in t h a t house until she died at the age of 95. When I was 4 years old I started my education at a nearby nursery school, and a year later I tran ...
... larger house, but somehow they never got around to doing it. The house was nearby where my father worked, and my mother so liked the area that she lived in t h a t house until she died at the age of 95. When I was 4 years old I started my education at a nearby nursery school, and a year later I tran ...
Can the meaning of multiple words be integrated unconsciously?
... visual stimulus, whether and how multiple sources of unconscious information can be integrated are strongly debated. Generally, although several high-level cognitive processes can be influenced by subliminal stimuli they are likely not executed in the same way as during their conscious versions [2,1 ...
... visual stimulus, whether and how multiple sources of unconscious information can be integrated are strongly debated. Generally, although several high-level cognitive processes can be influenced by subliminal stimuli they are likely not executed in the same way as during their conscious versions [2,1 ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... The most caudal region implicated in NREM sleep control is the region of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Low-frequency stimulation of this structure can produce short-latency sleep onset (Magnes et al., 1961). Stimulation of the baroreceptor afferents to this area can also produce rapid sleep ons ...
... The most caudal region implicated in NREM sleep control is the region of the nucleus of the solitary tract. Low-frequency stimulation of this structure can produce short-latency sleep onset (Magnes et al., 1961). Stimulation of the baroreceptor afferents to this area can also produce rapid sleep ons ...
THE PEDUNCULOPONTINE NUCLEUS: Towards a Functional
... PPN include nuclei in the basal forebrain, such as the lateral hypothalamus and amygdala, the tectum (superior colliculus), zona incerta, all basal ganglia nuclei, and areas located in the brainstem and spinal cord. Not only does the PPN send out widespread projections, it also receives a varied and ...
... PPN include nuclei in the basal forebrain, such as the lateral hypothalamus and amygdala, the tectum (superior colliculus), zona incerta, all basal ganglia nuclei, and areas located in the brainstem and spinal cord. Not only does the PPN send out widespread projections, it also receives a varied and ...
Linking Topography to Tonotopy in the Mouse Auditory
... Analysis of spatially distributed tone representations. All AI and AAF recording sites for a given mouse were divided into 18 equally spaced regions of interest (ROIs) along the rostral-to-caudal extent of each field. Similarly, positions of all MGBv recording sites in a given mouse were assigned to ...
... Analysis of spatially distributed tone representations. All AI and AAF recording sites for a given mouse were divided into 18 equally spaced regions of interest (ROIs) along the rostral-to-caudal extent of each field. Similarly, positions of all MGBv recording sites in a given mouse were assigned to ...
Neural Encoding I: Firing Rates and Spike Statistics
... this book, involves measuring and characterizing how stimulus attributes, such as light or sound intensity, or motor actions, such as the direction of an arm movement, are represented by action potentials. The link between stimulus and response can be studied from two opposite points of view. Neural ...
... this book, involves measuring and characterizing how stimulus attributes, such as light or sound intensity, or motor actions, such as the direction of an arm movement, are represented by action potentials. The link between stimulus and response can be studied from two opposite points of view. Neural ...
Mapping the Brain
... STG neurons switch their activity between the two rhythms19, and the separation of the STG’s connectivity into two discrete circuits, although convenient for those who study the network, does not really capture the highly interconnected reality of the ganglion’s architecture. Like all nervous system ...
... STG neurons switch their activity between the two rhythms19, and the separation of the STG’s connectivity into two discrete circuits, although convenient for those who study the network, does not really capture the highly interconnected reality of the ganglion’s architecture. Like all nervous system ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... GABAergic inputs to the subtantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and the resulting reduction in SNr activity helps release actions (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neu ...
... GABAergic inputs to the subtantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and the resulting reduction in SNr activity helps release actions (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neu ...
Modulation of Sympathetic and Somatomotor Function by the
... have large dendritic arbors that cross cytoarchitectonic boundaries (Edwards et al. 1987; Fox et al. 1976; Gao and Mason 1997; Leontovich and Zhukova 1963; Maciewicz et al. 1984; Mason et al. 1990; Newman 1985; Potrebic and Mason 1993; Ramon-Moliner and Nauta 1966; Valverde 1961), it is unlikely tha ...
... have large dendritic arbors that cross cytoarchitectonic boundaries (Edwards et al. 1987; Fox et al. 1976; Gao and Mason 1997; Leontovich and Zhukova 1963; Maciewicz et al. 1984; Mason et al. 1990; Newman 1985; Potrebic and Mason 1993; Ramon-Moliner and Nauta 1966; Valverde 1961), it is unlikely tha ...
The Neuropathology of Huntington`s Disease
... The basal ganglia are integrated into a circular interconnected forebrain loop, which forms a cortical/basal ganglia/thalamus/cortical circuit (Nauta and Domesick 1984), (see Fig. 1). The cortex provides a major excitatory glutamatergic input to the caudate nucleus and putamen (Carpenter et al. 1976 ...
... The basal ganglia are integrated into a circular interconnected forebrain loop, which forms a cortical/basal ganglia/thalamus/cortical circuit (Nauta and Domesick 1984), (see Fig. 1). The cortex provides a major excitatory glutamatergic input to the caudate nucleus and putamen (Carpenter et al. 1976 ...
Olfactory maps, circuits and computations
... The surface of the olfactory bulb, the first processing center for olfactory information within the brain, organizes incoming information into a spatially stereotyped map of the olfactory world; however, it is unclear how cortical olfactory areas make use of this map, or otherwise construct higher-o ...
... The surface of the olfactory bulb, the first processing center for olfactory information within the brain, organizes incoming information into a spatially stereotyped map of the olfactory world; however, it is unclear how cortical olfactory areas make use of this map, or otherwise construct higher-o ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... basis of projection targets in the cerebral cortical layers (for review, see Jones 1998, 2001). Core-type neurons are located in the specific relay nuclei and send axon fibers mainly to the middle layers of the cerebral cortex, that is, L4 and the deep part of L3, whereas matrix-type neurons are distr ...
... basis of projection targets in the cerebral cortical layers (for review, see Jones 1998, 2001). Core-type neurons are located in the specific relay nuclei and send axon fibers mainly to the middle layers of the cerebral cortex, that is, L4 and the deep part of L3, whereas matrix-type neurons are distr ...
Text - ETH E
... 1994; Sutton & Barto, 1998). Several lines of evidence suggest that dopamine neuron activity may be reproduced more accurately by using such an extended TD model as the Critic than by using the standard TD model (Suri, 2001). This hypothesis is consistent with experimental evidence suggesting that d ...
... 1994; Sutton & Barto, 1998). Several lines of evidence suggest that dopamine neuron activity may be reproduced more accurately by using such an extended TD model as the Critic than by using the standard TD model (Suri, 2001). This hypothesis is consistent with experimental evidence suggesting that d ...
Comparison of the Distributions of lpsilaterally and Contralaterally
... This anatomical organization may be the basis for a precise channeling of differential information at the single neuron level. Each of the cat’s numerous cortical representations of the visual hemifield is interconnected with many other cortical areas in both hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected ...
... This anatomical organization may be the basis for a precise channeling of differential information at the single neuron level. Each of the cat’s numerous cortical representations of the visual hemifield is interconnected with many other cortical areas in both hemispheres. Two strongly interconnected ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... 2009). Despite great advances in elucidating the genetic and molecular circadian mechanisms functioning within SCN cells (Takahashi et al., 2008), precisely how this SCN activity controls the circadian pattern of shorter sleep–wake cycles remains unclear, partly because of the many brain regions and ...
... 2009). Despite great advances in elucidating the genetic and molecular circadian mechanisms functioning within SCN cells (Takahashi et al., 2008), precisely how this SCN activity controls the circadian pattern of shorter sleep–wake cycles remains unclear, partly because of the many brain regions and ...
Age-dependent effect of cholinergic lesion on dendritic morphology
... to be a developmental phenomenon, plasticity extends into adulthood as well, underlying a variety of processes, including learning and memory as well as recovery from injury. While there is evidence that aging brains retain a certain amount of plasticity (e.g. [48]), recent evidence suggests that th ...
... to be a developmental phenomenon, plasticity extends into adulthood as well, underlying a variety of processes, including learning and memory as well as recovery from injury. While there is evidence that aging brains retain a certain amount of plasticity (e.g. [48]), recent evidence suggests that th ...
Parallel basal ganglia circuits for voluntary and
... everyday behaviours spontaneously (Laplane and Baulac, 1984; Caplan et al., 1990). Patients with Parkinson’s disease may be less motivated in achieving goals and may also show symptoms of depression (Pluck and Brown, 2002). These observations, as well as many others not described here, suggest that ...
... everyday behaviours spontaneously (Laplane and Baulac, 1984; Caplan et al., 1990). Patients with Parkinson’s disease may be less motivated in achieving goals and may also show symptoms of depression (Pluck and Brown, 2002). These observations, as well as many others not described here, suggest that ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... or fixating on three-dimensional (3D) objects of different geometric shapes, sizes, and orientations. We studied the activity of 132 task-related neurons during the hand-manipulation tasks in the light and in the dark, as well as during object fixation. Seventy-seven percent (101/132) of the hand-ma ...
... or fixating on three-dimensional (3D) objects of different geometric shapes, sizes, and orientations. We studied the activity of 132 task-related neurons during the hand-manipulation tasks in the light and in the dark, as well as during object fixation. Seventy-seven percent (101/132) of the hand-ma ...
Analysis of Connectivity in the Cat Cerebral Cortex
... chical structure without any consideration of laminar termination patterns. These rules, that the distance between connected structures should be minimized and at the same time the distance between unconnected structures maximized, can respect almost any connection pattern between a set of elements. ...
... chical structure without any consideration of laminar termination patterns. These rules, that the distance between connected structures should be minimized and at the same time the distance between unconnected structures maximized, can respect almost any connection pattern between a set of elements. ...
Reward and Aversion
... neuromodulatory systems and neural circuits involved in reward (Wise 2004). Enormous advances have since been made in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying reward and aversion. It is now understood that reward is not a unitary process but contains several psychological components: liking (p ...
... neuromodulatory systems and neural circuits involved in reward (Wise 2004). Enormous advances have since been made in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying reward and aversion. It is now understood that reward is not a unitary process but contains several psychological components: liking (p ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Neural_Correlates_Of_Consciousness.jpg?width=300)
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.