Action Preparation Shapes Processing in Early Visual Cortex
... GLM analysis was used to extract activation patterns from the grasping/ pointing task, which were subjected to a surface-based searchlight MVPA analysis to find areas in the posterior brain that discriminate between grasping and pointing ( preparation). Subsequently, a region-of-interest (ROI) analy ...
... GLM analysis was used to extract activation patterns from the grasping/ pointing task, which were subjected to a surface-based searchlight MVPA analysis to find areas in the posterior brain that discriminate between grasping and pointing ( preparation). Subsequently, a region-of-interest (ROI) analy ...
A Simple Biophysically Plausible Model for Long Time
... Eq. (1) presents two major challenges for a biological circuit: 1. In order for the model to describe neural firing and behavioral effects up to long time scales, there should be neurons with time constants on the order of that time scale. The time constant of each unit in Eq. (1) is 1/s. 2. Rapid e ...
... Eq. (1) presents two major challenges for a biological circuit: 1. In order for the model to describe neural firing and behavioral effects up to long time scales, there should be neurons with time constants on the order of that time scale. The time constant of each unit in Eq. (1) is 1/s. 2. Rapid e ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... used this marker to delineate chemoarchitectural subdivisions of the human orbitofrontal cortex (Hof et al., 1995a). Additionally, this marker has been shown to be a reliable chemoarchitectonic indicator of the cingulate motor areas in the macaque monkey (Nimchinsky et al., 1996). Another set of use ...
... used this marker to delineate chemoarchitectural subdivisions of the human orbitofrontal cortex (Hof et al., 1995a). Additionally, this marker has been shown to be a reliable chemoarchitectonic indicator of the cingulate motor areas in the macaque monkey (Nimchinsky et al., 1996). Another set of use ...
Chapter 122: Neurocircuitry Of Parkinson`s Disease
... ongoing movement. In the focusing model, by contrast, inhibition of relevant pallidal/nigral neurons via the direct pathway would allow intended movements to proceed, whereas unintended movements would be suppressed by concomitant increased excitatory input via the indirect pathway in other GPi/SNr ...
... ongoing movement. In the focusing model, by contrast, inhibition of relevant pallidal/nigral neurons via the direct pathway would allow intended movements to proceed, whereas unintended movements would be suppressed by concomitant increased excitatory input via the indirect pathway in other GPi/SNr ...
The sympathetic control of blood pressure.
... sympathetic efferent under anaesthesia. Its role is assumed, but not proved, to be equally dominant in the awake state. The RVLM input originates from a neurochemically heterogeneous collection of glutamatergic neurons, a large subset (70%) of which also synthesize adrenaline. These are called C1 ne ...
... sympathetic efferent under anaesthesia. Its role is assumed, but not proved, to be equally dominant in the awake state. The RVLM input originates from a neurochemically heterogeneous collection of glutamatergic neurons, a large subset (70%) of which also synthesize adrenaline. These are called C1 ne ...
Changes of Synaptic Density in the Primary Visual Cortex of the
... to estimate the degree of shrinkage from exposure to aldehydes during the perfusion itself because it would have required surgery before perfusion for each individual case. This is not, however, a limitation in our study since we compared densities of synapses at different stages of maturation rathe ...
... to estimate the degree of shrinkage from exposure to aldehydes during the perfusion itself because it would have required surgery before perfusion for each individual case. This is not, however, a limitation in our study since we compared densities of synapses at different stages of maturation rathe ...
MECHANISMS OF CENTRAL TRANSMISSION OF RESPIRATORY
... a) Primary activation of inspiratory neurons combined with reciprocal secondary inhibition of expiratory neurons. b) Primary inhibition d expiratory neurons which in time will lead to disinhibitioln of inspiratory neurons. c) General activation of reticular activity causing increased firing of inspi ...
... a) Primary activation of inspiratory neurons combined with reciprocal secondary inhibition of expiratory neurons. b) Primary inhibition d expiratory neurons which in time will lead to disinhibitioln of inspiratory neurons. c) General activation of reticular activity causing increased firing of inspi ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... and 100 A, each lasting 0.1 ms—were delivered intermittently at variable intervals between 10 and 15 s. The lowest intensity of stimulation (35 A) evoked little response in the hippocampus, and thus was excluded from the study’s analyses. After completion of the above recording sessions, the ACC e ...
... and 100 A, each lasting 0.1 ms—were delivered intermittently at variable intervals between 10 and 15 s. The lowest intensity of stimulation (35 A) evoked little response in the hippocampus, and thus was excluded from the study’s analyses. After completion of the above recording sessions, the ACC e ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
body proportions in infancy and early childhood
... • A process in which neurons form synapses and thereby increase connections with other • Peaks in different brain regions at different ages • Transient exuberance – the explosion in connections in the early years of life – The brain makes more connections than it needs in preparation to receive any ...
... • A process in which neurons form synapses and thereby increase connections with other • Peaks in different brain regions at different ages • Transient exuberance – the explosion in connections in the early years of life – The brain makes more connections than it needs in preparation to receive any ...
Mirror neurons in humans: Consisting or confounding
... this fMRI study does not allow us to draw any firm conclusion about ‘mirror’ type of activity, mainly because of methodological problems. First, the analyses were performed by merging data from two different experiments (one considering only execution and one considering both action observation and ex ...
... this fMRI study does not allow us to draw any firm conclusion about ‘mirror’ type of activity, mainly because of methodological problems. First, the analyses were performed by merging data from two different experiments (one considering only execution and one considering both action observation and ex ...
Review Early Steps in the Development of the Forebrain
... and during gastrulation. The pink star indicates the approximate rostral limit of the prospective forebrain within the epiblast. At very early stages (D and E), the prospective forebrain moves rostrally in response to signals from underlying hypoblast tissues. This distances the prospective forebrai ...
... and during gastrulation. The pink star indicates the approximate rostral limit of the prospective forebrain within the epiblast. At very early stages (D and E), the prospective forebrain moves rostrally in response to signals from underlying hypoblast tissues. This distances the prospective forebrai ...
Neurodegenerative Changes in the Motor Cortex and Cerebellum in Wistar... Following Acute Pneumococcal Meningitis
... The rats were perfused transcardially with 100 ml of saline, followed by 200 mls of 10% formalin. Brain was removed and post fixed for 48 hrs in the same fixative. The tissue was processed for paraffin sectioning. Motor cortex and cerebellar tissue were selected for study. Tissue pieces were dehydra ...
... The rats were perfused transcardially with 100 ml of saline, followed by 200 mls of 10% formalin. Brain was removed and post fixed for 48 hrs in the same fixative. The tissue was processed for paraffin sectioning. Motor cortex and cerebellar tissue were selected for study. Tissue pieces were dehydra ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
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... at significantly slower rates. Unlike A1, neurons in PAF rarely exhibit facilitation to rapidly repeated sounds. Neurons in PAF do not exhibit strong selectivity for rate or direction of narrowband one octave FM sweeps. These results indicate that PAF, like nonprimary visual fields, processes sensor ...
... at significantly slower rates. Unlike A1, neurons in PAF rarely exhibit facilitation to rapidly repeated sounds. Neurons in PAF do not exhibit strong selectivity for rate or direction of narrowband one octave FM sweeps. These results indicate that PAF, like nonprimary visual fields, processes sensor ...
Strategy-dependent Dissociation of the Neural
... www.FAER.org. Address correspondence to Dr. Mackey: Departments of Anesthesia, Neurosciences and Neurology (by courtesy), Stanford University School of Medicine, 780 Welch Road, Suite 208, Stanford, California 94304. [email protected]. This article may be accessed for personal use at no charge th ...
... www.FAER.org. Address correspondence to Dr. Mackey: Departments of Anesthesia, Neurosciences and Neurology (by courtesy), Stanford University School of Medicine, 780 Welch Road, Suite 208, Stanford, California 94304. [email protected]. This article may be accessed for personal use at no charge th ...
BMC Neuroscience
... predominantly neurons in supragranular layers [reviewed in [10-12]]. It has been suggested that geographic distance is a determinant of the existence and relative laminar origin of ipsilateral corticocortical connections [13,14]. In an alternative hypothesis, the pattern of connections depends on th ...
... predominantly neurons in supragranular layers [reviewed in [10-12]]. It has been suggested that geographic distance is a determinant of the existence and relative laminar origin of ipsilateral corticocortical connections [13,14]. In an alternative hypothesis, the pattern of connections depends on th ...
Rapid eye movement sleep promotes cortical
... (13) and visual cortex (14), neuronal activity patterns present during maze running can be detected in subsequent NREM sleep. Similar results in the hippocampus have also been reported during REM sleep in some studies [(15); but see (16)]. In addition, using different analytical techniques and metho ...
... (13) and visual cortex (14), neuronal activity patterns present during maze running can be detected in subsequent NREM sleep. Similar results in the hippocampus have also been reported during REM sleep in some studies [(15); but see (16)]. In addition, using different analytical techniques and metho ...
New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear
... widely believed that the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) is a key site of plastic synaptic events that contributes to fear learning (Blair et al. 2001; LeDoux 2000; Malkani and Rosen 2000; Maren 2001). According to the current model (Fig. 1A), convergence of CS and US inputs increases the effic ...
... widely believed that the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) is a key site of plastic synaptic events that contributes to fear learning (Blair et al. 2001; LeDoux 2000; Malkani and Rosen 2000; Maren 2001). According to the current model (Fig. 1A), convergence of CS and US inputs increases the effic ...
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... Histochemistry. Target areas of the cholinergic BF neurons, such as the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb, the cortex and the amygdala, displayed a high density of AChE-positive fibers. AChE is generally used as a marker for putative cholinergic cortical fibers in rodent and nonhuman primate brain. Ma ...
... Histochemistry. Target areas of the cholinergic BF neurons, such as the hippocampus, the olfactory bulb, the cortex and the amygdala, displayed a high density of AChE-positive fibers. AChE is generally used as a marker for putative cholinergic cortical fibers in rodent and nonhuman primate brain. Ma ...
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX NEURONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
... ends presented outside the CRF could not provide unambiguous global directional cues. Consequently, with this masking, the responses of the two neurons in Fig. 2 were statistically indistinguishable among the different global directions of the bar movement (1-ANOVA, P⬎0.05; gray curve with solid tri ...
... ends presented outside the CRF could not provide unambiguous global directional cues. Consequently, with this masking, the responses of the two neurons in Fig. 2 were statistically indistinguishable among the different global directions of the bar movement (1-ANOVA, P⬎0.05; gray curve with solid tri ...
Winstanley et al. - Rudolf Cardinal
... (Parkinson et al., 2000). Because BLA-lesioned rats strongly prefirst behavioral evidence of a dissociation between the functional ferred the large reward in the absence of delays, it is unlikely that role of these two areas in modulating cognition and also delinimpulsive choice occurred simply beca ...
... (Parkinson et al., 2000). Because BLA-lesioned rats strongly prefirst behavioral evidence of a dissociation between the functional ferred the large reward in the absence of delays, it is unlikely that role of these two areas in modulating cognition and also delinimpulsive choice occurred simply beca ...
Role of the Human Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Control of
... (Posner et al. 1988). Furthermore, it was stressed that “although attention for action seems to imply motor acts, internal selections involved in detecting or noting an event may be sufficient to involve attention in this sense” (Posner et al. 1988). Other investigators also pointed out that the hig ...
... (Posner et al. 1988). Furthermore, it was stressed that “although attention for action seems to imply motor acts, internal selections involved in detecting or noting an event may be sufficient to involve attention in this sense” (Posner et al. 1988). Other investigators also pointed out that the hig ...
Disruption of experience-dependent synaptic modifications in striate
... participate in the activation of their postsynaptic target are retained and consolidated during development; ineffective inputs are lost. Modification of binocular connections offer a good example of how Hebb’s rule could operate in the visual cortex. When the eyes are in optical alignment, the inpu ...
... participate in the activation of their postsynaptic target are retained and consolidated during development; ineffective inputs are lost. Modification of binocular connections offer a good example of how Hebb’s rule could operate in the visual cortex. When the eyes are in optical alignment, the inpu ...
Expected Value, Reward Outcome, and
... analyses accounting for both scan-to-scan and subject-to-subject variability. More precisely, the sets of individual statistical maps corresponding to a specific effect of interest were entered as covariates in multiple regression models (analysis of variance [ANOVA] without a constant) as implemente ...
... analyses accounting for both scan-to-scan and subject-to-subject variability. More precisely, the sets of individual statistical maps corresponding to a specific effect of interest were entered as covariates in multiple regression models (analysis of variance [ANOVA] without a constant) as implemente ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.