![Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/001845312_1-01fcd6802ffa26053bdb2e349f5d801b-300x300.png)
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... We have also been able to obtain evidence that non-reward used as a signal to reverse behavioural choice is represented in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Kringelbach and Rolls (2003) used the faces of two different people, and if one face was selected then that face smiled, and if the other was sel ...
... We have also been able to obtain evidence that non-reward used as a signal to reverse behavioural choice is represented in the human orbitofrontal cortex. Kringelbach and Rolls (2003) used the faces of two different people, and if one face was selected then that face smiled, and if the other was sel ...
Distinct Functions of 3 and V Integrin Receptors
... pathways and thus, different modes of adhesion-induced changes in cell physiology, and (3) integrins are capable of synergizing with other cell surface receptor systems to finely modulate a cell’s behavior in response to multiple environmental cues (reviewed by Hynes and Lander, 1992; Vuori and Ruos ...
... pathways and thus, different modes of adhesion-induced changes in cell physiology, and (3) integrins are capable of synergizing with other cell surface receptor systems to finely modulate a cell’s behavior in response to multiple environmental cues (reviewed by Hynes and Lander, 1992; Vuori and Ruos ...
Prefrontal and parietal cortex mediate the interference
... The human brain has the ability to estimate the passage of time, which allows us to perform complex cognitive tasks such as playing music, dancing, and understanding speech. Scientists have just begun to understand which brain areas become active when we estimate time. ...
... The human brain has the ability to estimate the passage of time, which allows us to perform complex cognitive tasks such as playing music, dancing, and understanding speech. Scientists have just begun to understand which brain areas become active when we estimate time. ...
Reinforcement learning, conditioning, and the brain
... actions maps directly onto the distinction between modelfree and model-based reinforcement learning (Daw, Niv, & Dayan, 2005, 2006), as discussed in more detail below. In short, a full appreciation of modern ideas concerning classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, habits, and goal-directe ...
... actions maps directly onto the distinction between modelfree and model-based reinforcement learning (Daw, Niv, & Dayan, 2005, 2006), as discussed in more detail below. In short, a full appreciation of modern ideas concerning classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, habits, and goal-directe ...
article in press - Neurobiology of Vocal Communication
... example is pain crying. An infant does not need to hear and exercise crying in order to be able to produce it. A heavy blow against the body will elicit crying without any prior experience. Studies in deaf-born infants reveal that, in addition to crying, a number of other non-verbal emotional vocal ...
... example is pain crying. An infant does not need to hear and exercise crying in order to be able to produce it. A heavy blow against the body will elicit crying without any prior experience. Studies in deaf-born infants reveal that, in addition to crying, a number of other non-verbal emotional vocal ...
THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... Among the multiple projections from orexin neurons, dense innervations to the DR, LC, and TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and ...
... Among the multiple projections from orexin neurons, dense innervations to the DR, LC, and TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and ...
Introduction - Bowling Green State University
... for the expression of appetitive-approach behaviors. 2) The reinforcement (Fibiger 1978, White & Milner 1992), and the reward hypotheses (Wise 1978, Wise & Rompre 1989, Schultz et al. 1997, Schultz 1998, Di Chiara 2002, Wise 2004) have largely focused on the potential learning mediating functions of ...
... for the expression of appetitive-approach behaviors. 2) The reinforcement (Fibiger 1978, White & Milner 1992), and the reward hypotheses (Wise 1978, Wise & Rompre 1989, Schultz et al. 1997, Schultz 1998, Di Chiara 2002, Wise 2004) have largely focused on the potential learning mediating functions of ...
Projections of the paraventricular and paratenial nuclei
... 1995) has examined the general distribution of PV projections “with special emphasis on the projections to the hypothalamus and amygdala.” Focusing on circadian circuitry, Moga et al. (1995) described PV projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as well as to other sites involved in circadian ...
... 1995) has examined the general distribution of PV projections “with special emphasis on the projections to the hypothalamus and amygdala.” Focusing on circadian circuitry, Moga et al. (1995) described PV projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as well as to other sites involved in circadian ...
Can We Really See a Million Colours? David Papineau Abstract
... of memory limitation. On the orthodox view, subjects are capable of distinct conscious responses to a great many more than a few dozen different coloured surfaces; so their inability to make reliable same/different responses to more than a few dozen successively presented surfaces must be due to som ...
... of memory limitation. On the orthodox view, subjects are capable of distinct conscious responses to a great many more than a few dozen different coloured surfaces; so their inability to make reliable same/different responses to more than a few dozen successively presented surfaces must be due to som ...
Is the cerebellum involved in learning and cognition?
... of low frequency oscillators whose output varies sinusoidally for the duration of the CS. They propose that these oscillatory patterns may be generated by pre-cerebellar structures or between pre-cerebellar and cerebellar structures. The low frequency property of the oscillators effectively increase ...
... of low frequency oscillators whose output varies sinusoidally for the duration of the CS. They propose that these oscillatory patterns may be generated by pre-cerebellar structures or between pre-cerebellar and cerebellar structures. The low frequency property of the oscillators effectively increase ...
Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... techniques. OrA-ir neurons were found principally in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) at the level of the tuberal cinereum and in the dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas. In the LHA the majority of the neurons were located dorsal and lateral to the fornix; a small number of OrAir neurons were ...
... techniques. OrA-ir neurons were found principally in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) at the level of the tuberal cinereum and in the dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas. In the LHA the majority of the neurons were located dorsal and lateral to the fornix; a small number of OrAir neurons were ...
Functional Properties of Neurons in Middle Temporal Visual Area of
... Previous physiological studies have demonstrated a strikingly high proportion of neurons that are selective for the direction of stimulus motion, whereas stimulus form seems to be relatively unimportant to the great majority of MT neurons (16, 6 1). Although this suggests that MT may somehow be invo ...
... Previous physiological studies have demonstrated a strikingly high proportion of neurons that are selective for the direction of stimulus motion, whereas stimulus form seems to be relatively unimportant to the great majority of MT neurons (16, 6 1). Although this suggests that MT may somehow be invo ...
Cerebellum. - Department of Physiology
... From the signal processing perspective, the two main divisions of the cerebellum are cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nucleus (Fig. 32.4). The cerebellar cortex is specialized for processing extremely large amounts of information about the states of body parts, of objects around us, and of ongoing b ...
... From the signal processing perspective, the two main divisions of the cerebellum are cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nucleus (Fig. 32.4). The cerebellar cortex is specialized for processing extremely large amounts of information about the states of body parts, of objects around us, and of ongoing b ...
Lateral Inhibition Explains Savings in Conditioning and Extinction
... acquire new associative connections with the US due to its prior history. To investigate these two alternatives, Rescorla conducted the following experiments. In one experiment, two stimuli, A and C, were initially trained and then extinguished. Two other stimuli, B and D, were presented without rei ...
... acquire new associative connections with the US due to its prior history. To investigate these two alternatives, Rescorla conducted the following experiments. In one experiment, two stimuli, A and C, were initially trained and then extinguished. Two other stimuli, B and D, were presented without rei ...
A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of
... behavioral transitions between sensory events in the environment and the temporal requirements of long-term potentiation. Data indicates that long-term potentiation is obtained with relatively brief delays between the pre-synaptic spike and the post-synaptic spike. Optimal delays for induction of lo ...
... behavioral transitions between sensory events in the environment and the temporal requirements of long-term potentiation. Data indicates that long-term potentiation is obtained with relatively brief delays between the pre-synaptic spike and the post-synaptic spike. Optimal delays for induction of lo ...
Behavioral and Pathological Effects in the Rat
... Before testing and dosing, the animals in this set were trained for the vertical ladder task (see below). The rats were then assigned to one of five groups, and dosed i.p. for 3 consecutive days with control vehicle (3 rats received 1 ml kg1 day1 of corn oil and 4 rats received 2 ml kg1 day1 of ...
... Before testing and dosing, the animals in this set were trained for the vertical ladder task (see below). The rats were then assigned to one of five groups, and dosed i.p. for 3 consecutive days with control vehicle (3 rats received 1 ml kg1 day1 of corn oil and 4 rats received 2 ml kg1 day1 of ...
Size and number of binucleate and mononucleate superior
... and physiological functions and a major incidence of degenerative diseases. These alterations are the result of an interaction among many factors and one may say that ageing is therefore a multifaceted phenomenon (Szweda et al. 2003). In the nervous system, the changes most frequently related are ne ...
... and physiological functions and a major incidence of degenerative diseases. These alterations are the result of an interaction among many factors and one may say that ageing is therefore a multifaceted phenomenon (Szweda et al. 2003). In the nervous system, the changes most frequently related are ne ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... same time period; both conditions were confirmed behaviorally and electrographically. For 2 weeks before experimentation, mice were handled daily for 30 min by the one individual observing sleep or enforcing wakefulness during testing. Three hours of enforced wakefulness was achieved on the day of e ...
... same time period; both conditions were confirmed behaviorally and electrographically. For 2 weeks before experimentation, mice were handled daily for 30 min by the one individual observing sleep or enforcing wakefulness during testing. Three hours of enforced wakefulness was achieved on the day of e ...
Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working
... 1986). The GPi and SNr circuits are functionally analogous (although they have different subcortical targets), so we consider them as one functional entity. Both the frontal cortex and the striatum also receive inputs from various areas of the posterior/sensory cortex. There are also other pathways ...
... 1986). The GPi and SNr circuits are functionally analogous (although they have different subcortical targets), so we consider them as one functional entity. Both the frontal cortex and the striatum also receive inputs from various areas of the posterior/sensory cortex. There are also other pathways ...
PDF - Stanford University
... maintenance of these symptoms, over the past two decades investigators have used neuroimaging techniques to examine the neural substrates of MDD. In this review we present findings from this body of research, identifying the major brain regions or structures that have been implicated in depression a ...
... maintenance of these symptoms, over the past two decades investigators have used neuroimaging techniques to examine the neural substrates of MDD. In this review we present findings from this body of research, identifying the major brain regions or structures that have been implicated in depression a ...
Analyzing Neural Responses to Natural Signals: Maximally
... correlations. We have in mind a model in which neurons are selective for a small number of stimulus dimensions out of a high-dimensional stimulus space, but within this subspace the responses can be arbitrarily nonlinear. Existing analysis methods are based on correlation functions between stimuli a ...
... correlations. We have in mind a model in which neurons are selective for a small number of stimulus dimensions out of a high-dimensional stimulus space, but within this subspace the responses can be arbitrarily nonlinear. Existing analysis methods are based on correlation functions between stimuli a ...
Epileptiform Activity Can Be Initiated in Various Neocortical Layers
... true of neocortical slices from randomly chosen regions including frontal, temporal, and occipital areas. This result indicates that initiation sites for generating epileptiform activity can be formed spontaneously regardless of the region of cortex. The initiation site in each stained cortical slic ...
... true of neocortical slices from randomly chosen regions including frontal, temporal, and occipital areas. This result indicates that initiation sites for generating epileptiform activity can be formed spontaneously regardless of the region of cortex. The initiation site in each stained cortical slic ...
Basal Ganglia objectives - NBio401
... -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia ...
... -Be able to explain how, in addition to the pathways affecting limb movements, there are other loops between the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex that perform analogous functions for oculomotor, executive, and emotional systems. - Be able to describe the type of learning in which the basal ganglia ...
Signaling by truncated Dab1 protein - Development
... somewhat different. Purkinje cells are generated from a basal neuroepithelium, and move outwards along radial glia guides to form a monolayer (D’Arcangelo and Curran, 1998). Reelin is expressed by other neurons positioned below as well as above the migrating Purkinje cells (Miyata et al., 1996; Schi ...
... somewhat different. Purkinje cells are generated from a basal neuroepithelium, and move outwards along radial glia guides to form a monolayer (D’Arcangelo and Curran, 1998). Reelin is expressed by other neurons positioned below as well as above the migrating Purkinje cells (Miyata et al., 1996; Schi ...
Chapter_013
... Some fluid leaves the fourth ventricle through openings in its roof into the cisterna magna, a space that is continuous with the ...
... Some fluid leaves the fourth ventricle through openings in its roof into the cisterna magna, a space that is continuous with the ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Neural_Correlates_Of_Consciousness.jpg?width=300)
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.