Thalamus 1
... neurons, whose axons provide the output of thalamus, and small inhibitory interneurons that use GABA as a neurotransmitter Projection neurons account for 75% or more of the neurons of the most thalamic nuclei, though the relative proportions of projection neurons and interneurons vary in different n ...
... neurons, whose axons provide the output of thalamus, and small inhibitory interneurons that use GABA as a neurotransmitter Projection neurons account for 75% or more of the neurons of the most thalamic nuclei, though the relative proportions of projection neurons and interneurons vary in different n ...
Brain Internal Structure (2)
... Describe the organization of the cerebral cortex. (Layers and columnar organization). Locate the motor, sensory and other cortical areas. Describe the cortical areas related to the written and spoken language. Identify the structures in coronal, sagittal and horizontal sections of brain. ...
... Describe the organization of the cerebral cortex. (Layers and columnar organization). Locate the motor, sensory and other cortical areas. Describe the cortical areas related to the written and spoken language. Identify the structures in coronal, sagittal and horizontal sections of brain. ...
III
... and tract, from the retina to the pretectal region of the midbrain. The efferent pathway is in the oculomotor nerve: parasympathetic fibers from the accessory oculomotor nucleus (E-W nucleus), synapsing in the ciliary ganglion, and supplying the sphincter pupillae. Because of contralateral connectio ...
... and tract, from the retina to the pretectal region of the midbrain. The efferent pathway is in the oculomotor nerve: parasympathetic fibers from the accessory oculomotor nucleus (E-W nucleus), synapsing in the ciliary ganglion, and supplying the sphincter pupillae. Because of contralateral connectio ...
Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Lesions
... • It is facilitatory to & motor neurons of the antigravity ms to maintain body posture & equilibrium in response to impulses from the vestibular apparatus which evoked by charges in head position or exposure to acceleration. • b. Medial V.S.T. • It is facilitatory to & motor neurons of the n ...
... • It is facilitatory to & motor neurons of the antigravity ms to maintain body posture & equilibrium in response to impulses from the vestibular apparatus which evoked by charges in head position or exposure to acceleration. • b. Medial V.S.T. • It is facilitatory to & motor neurons of the n ...
Document
... Extrageniculate visual system Degeneration Tracer Insular visual area Tectum Electron microscopy ...
... Extrageniculate visual system Degeneration Tracer Insular visual area Tectum Electron microscopy ...
Commentary on slides Lecture 16
... cerebellar processing consists of inhibitory discharges from the Purkinje cells. These are directed towards the deep cerebellar nuclei: the globose, embolliform (these two make up the interpositus nucleus), fastigial and dentate. These nuclei also receive excitatory input from the collaterals of aff ...
... cerebellar processing consists of inhibitory discharges from the Purkinje cells. These are directed towards the deep cerebellar nuclei: the globose, embolliform (these two make up the interpositus nucleus), fastigial and dentate. These nuclei also receive excitatory input from the collaterals of aff ...
CNS
... b. i.Columns project locally to one otherlayer lamina c. At least has pyramidal cells i. Row of cells perpendicular to brain surface d. Layer V ...
... b. i.Columns project locally to one otherlayer lamina c. At least has pyramidal cells i. Row of cells perpendicular to brain surface d. Layer V ...
How does an axon know where to go?
... • Axons reach their targets in a series of discrete steps • Different cells respond to the same guidance cues in different ways • Chemical cues exist at many points along the axon guidance pathway e.g the optic tectum and optic tract ...
... • Axons reach their targets in a series of discrete steps • Different cells respond to the same guidance cues in different ways • Chemical cues exist at many points along the axon guidance pathway e.g the optic tectum and optic tract ...
The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision
... fissure region ►large representation in visual cortex for the macula (region for highest visual acuity) ►layered structure like other cortical areas ►columnar organization as well ►receives the primary visual input ...
... fissure region ►large representation in visual cortex for the macula (region for highest visual acuity) ►layered structure like other cortical areas ►columnar organization as well ►receives the primary visual input ...
Cerebral Cortex
... Receive input from other areas of cortex and non-specific thalamic nuclei Organize behavior in accordance with goals, conventions, emotions and current conditions. Choose behavior and motor strategy to navigate current situation Send output to motor planning cortex and other cortical areas Motor pla ...
... Receive input from other areas of cortex and non-specific thalamic nuclei Organize behavior in accordance with goals, conventions, emotions and current conditions. Choose behavior and motor strategy to navigate current situation Send output to motor planning cortex and other cortical areas Motor pla ...
The distribution of retino‐collicular axon terminals in rhesus monkey
... comparing adjacent sections processed for autoradiography and stained for degeneration, it was possible to assess the amount of overlap between retino-collicular projections from the two eyes. These experiments showed that total segregation of retinal afferents does occur in the monkey superior coll ...
... comparing adjacent sections processed for autoradiography and stained for degeneration, it was possible to assess the amount of overlap between retino-collicular projections from the two eyes. These experiments showed that total segregation of retinal afferents does occur in the monkey superior coll ...
Flowers and weeds: cell-type specific pruning in the developing
... regulate different aspects of neural circuit development [1]. In line with this view, cell-type specification, axon pathfinding and targeting, and synaptogenesis have all consistently been shown to be under the control of genetically encoded programs, while axon terminal refinement (Figure 1) and co ...
... regulate different aspects of neural circuit development [1]. In line with this view, cell-type specification, axon pathfinding and targeting, and synaptogenesis have all consistently been shown to be under the control of genetically encoded programs, while axon terminal refinement (Figure 1) and co ...
03/02 PPT - Molecular and Cell Biology
... • Axons reach their targets in a series of discrete steps • Different cells respond to the same guidance cues in different ways • Chemical cues exist at many points along the axon guidance pathway e.g the optic tectum and optic tract ...
... • Axons reach their targets in a series of discrete steps • Different cells respond to the same guidance cues in different ways • Chemical cues exist at many points along the axon guidance pathway e.g the optic tectum and optic tract ...
Frog Vision
... though, have very high resolution (almost as good as a cat). The jumping spider uses its low-resolution, wide field-of view eyes to detect the presence of moving objects and prey, and then it quickly reorients its body to image the object of interest with its high-resolution eyes (akin to foveating ...
... though, have very high resolution (almost as good as a cat). The jumping spider uses its low-resolution, wide field-of view eyes to detect the presence of moving objects and prey, and then it quickly reorients its body to image the object of interest with its high-resolution eyes (akin to foveating ...
layer 4
... - segregation is activity dependent 2. If both eyes are deprived (binocular deprivation), OD columns are normal! - segregation also depends NOT on the absolute level of activity, but on the balance between the input from the two eyes, thus seems to be competitive ...
... - segregation is activity dependent 2. If both eyes are deprived (binocular deprivation), OD columns are normal! - segregation also depends NOT on the absolute level of activity, but on the balance between the input from the two eyes, thus seems to be competitive ...
Models of retinotopic development - damtp
... A third key mechanism is that of competition for limited resources. For example, SC neurons can receive only a finite amount of inputs, and RGC axons can make only a limited amount of contacts. Competition comes in many forms, which can be described by a class of mathematical structures (Ooyen, 2001 ...
... A third key mechanism is that of competition for limited resources. For example, SC neurons can receive only a finite amount of inputs, and RGC axons can make only a limited amount of contacts. Competition comes in many forms, which can be described by a class of mathematical structures (Ooyen, 2001 ...
Dear Notetaker:
... o Once the input has a arrived in V1 from 3 types of cells the information is no longer segregated it gets all mixed together o Input from the two eyes are segregated at the first synapse o Every other neuron gets input from both eyes o Some neurons can be right eye dominant or left eye dominant but ...
... o Once the input has a arrived in V1 from 3 types of cells the information is no longer segregated it gets all mixed together o Input from the two eyes are segregated at the first synapse o Every other neuron gets input from both eyes o Some neurons can be right eye dominant or left eye dominant but ...
Overview of the Reticular Formation (RF)
... The term reticular formation refers to the neuronal network within the brainstem, although it continues rostrally into the thalamus and hypothalamus and caudally into the propriospinal network of the spinal cord. A “coordinating system” (like the Limbic system) with “connections” to sensory, somatic ...
... The term reticular formation refers to the neuronal network within the brainstem, although it continues rostrally into the thalamus and hypothalamus and caudally into the propriospinal network of the spinal cord. A “coordinating system” (like the Limbic system) with “connections” to sensory, somatic ...
Here
... If don’t patch good eye by 6, brain ignores lazy eye and visual pathway degenerates: eye functionally blind NOTE: some neurological development and connections have a window of time - need stimuli to develop, or ability lost ...
... If don’t patch good eye by 6, brain ignores lazy eye and visual pathway degenerates: eye functionally blind NOTE: some neurological development and connections have a window of time - need stimuli to develop, or ability lost ...
Role of motor cortex in voluntary movements Eye
... “omnipause neurons” located in nucleus raphe interpositus (RIP) project on the BN cells of the opposite side tonically active EXCEPT during saccade (“shut down” 16 msec prior the beginning of the saccade) ...
... “omnipause neurons” located in nucleus raphe interpositus (RIP) project on the BN cells of the opposite side tonically active EXCEPT during saccade (“shut down” 16 msec prior the beginning of the saccade) ...
A Candidate Pathway for a Visual Instructional Signal to the Barn
... and multipolar organization with dendrites reaching into upper and lower tectal layers) these SGC neurons resemble the neurons that give rise to the CTB as described by Reiner and Karten (1982); (2) these neurons lack the dendritic specializations that are characteristic of the three SGC cell types ...
... and multipolar organization with dendrites reaching into upper and lower tectal layers) these SGC neurons resemble the neurons that give rise to the CTB as described by Reiner and Karten (1982); (2) these neurons lack the dendritic specializations that are characteristic of the three SGC cell types ...
whisker outline.doc
... of the axons from excitatory neurons relate to the main column, as is illustrated here in this camera lucida drawing. You see in red the dendritic arbor confined to layer 4 of this excitatory cell and then most of the axons directed toward the main column. However, some of the axons here relay to la ...
... of the axons from excitatory neurons relate to the main column, as is illustrated here in this camera lucida drawing. You see in red the dendritic arbor confined to layer 4 of this excitatory cell and then most of the axons directed toward the main column. However, some of the axons here relay to la ...
Intelligence and Patterns - Paradigm Shift International
... "Because images on the retina fade from view if they are perfectly stabilized, the active generation of fixational eye movements by the central nervous system allows these movements to constantly shift the scene ever so slightly, thus refreshing the images on our retina and preventing us from going ...
... "Because images on the retina fade from view if they are perfectly stabilized, the active generation of fixational eye movements by the central nervous system allows these movements to constantly shift the scene ever so slightly, thus refreshing the images on our retina and preventing us from going ...
a)write short notes about the anatomy of optic nerve
... The fibers ol'the optic nerve are the axons orthe cells in the ganglionic layer of the retina. They converge on the o(1tic disc and exit li'ol11 the eye. about 3 or 4 mm to the nasal side of its center. as the optic nerve The libel's orthe optic nerve arc myelinated. but the sheaths arc j(JI'med li' ...
... The fibers ol'the optic nerve are the axons orthe cells in the ganglionic layer of the retina. They converge on the o(1tic disc and exit li'ol11 the eye. about 3 or 4 mm to the nasal side of its center. as the optic nerve The libel's orthe optic nerve arc myelinated. but the sheaths arc j(JI'med li' ...
Superior colliculus
The superior colliculus, (Latin, upper hill) is a paired structure of the mammalian midbrain. In other vertebrates this is known as the optic tectum or simply tectum, and the adjective tectal may also be used. The superior colliculus forms a major component of the midbrain. The tectum is a layered structure, with a number of layers that varies by species. The superficial layers are sensory-related, and receive input from the eyes as well as other sensory systems. The deep layers are motor-related, capable of activating eye movements as well as other responses. There are also intermediate layers, with multi-sensory cells and motor properties.The general function of the tectal system is to direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric (""body-centered"") space. Each layer of the tectum contains a topographic map of the surrounding world in retinotopic coordinates, and activation of neurons at a particular point in the map evokes a response directed toward the corresponding point in space. In primates, the superior colliculus has been studied mainly with respect to its role in directing eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or ""command"" input from the cerebral cortex, create a ""bump"" of activity in the tectal map, which, if strong enough, induces a saccadic eye movement. Even in primates, however, the tectum is also involved in generating spatially directed head turns, arm-reaching movements, and shifts in attention that do not involve any overt movements. In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats, swimming fishes, or flying birds; tongue-strikes toward prey in frogs; fang-strikes in snakes; etc.In some vertebrates, including fish and birds, the tectum is one of the largest components of the brain. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the tectum (""superior colliculus"") to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It remains nonetheless important in terms of function as the primary integrating center for eye movements.Note on terminology: This article follows terminology established in the literature for the analogous structure in mammals/non-mammals (see above), using the term ""superior colliculus"" when discussing mammals and ""optic tectum"" when discussing either specific non-mammalian species or vertebrates in general.